Even Better than the Best Building Ever? The ZICER and Elizabeth Fry Low Energy Buildings

1. Even Better than the Best Building Ever? The ZICER and Elizabeth Fry Low Energy Buildings • Keith Tovey M.A., PhD, CEng, MICE • Energy Science Director: Low Carbon Innovation Centre • School of Environmental Sciences

2. Main Energy Conservation Projects at UEA • Constable Terrace/ Nelson Court Student Residences • Elizabeth Fry Building • Combined Heat and Power • School of Medicine • ZICER Building • The Future • Absorption Chilling

3. Constable Terrace - 1993

4. Constable Terrace – Key Points • Four Storey Student Residence • Divided into “houses” of 10 units each with en-suite facilities • Common Room/ Kitchen for each house • Each house has a mechanical heat recovering Air Handling • Unit which recovers much of the heat from cooking, • appliance use, body heat etc. • Fresh Air is fed via the AHUs for heating, and additional • heat is provided electrically • Individual rooms are provided with small 250W panel • supplementary heaters

5. Constable Terrace – Key Points • Constructed in 1992/1993 • 100mm insulation on floor – U value 0.18 W m-2 K • [ Standard U – Value at time 0.45 W m-2 K (0.25 W m-2 Kin 2002)] • Walls: 2 leaves of lightweight concrete blocks with 100 mineral • fibre cavity insulation – U value (0.22 W m-2 K) • [ Standard U – Value at time 0.45 W m-2 K (0.35 W m-2 Kin 2002)] • Roof: 200 mm insulation – U value (0.15 W m-2 K) • [ Standard U – Value at time 0.25 W m-2 K (0.16 W m-2 Kin 2002)] • Specified pressure test at 50 Pa – 1 ach ~ 0.05 ach @ normal pressure • [ actual performance – 2 ach – but much better than conventional buildings]

6. Constable Terrace Comparison of Constable Terrace with DOE standards

7. The Elizabeth Fry Building

8. The Elizabeth Fry Building • Termodeck Construction • Air is circulated through whole fabric of building • Heated using a normal domestic heating boiler (24 kW) • No heat supply needed at temperatures as cool as 9oC • Triple glazing with Low Emissivity Glass ~ quadruple glazing • 180 mm insulated cavity • 300 mm roof insulation • 100 mm floor insulation • Air – Pressure Test at 50 Pa – not to exceed 1.0 ach • Actual performance 0.97 ach • Has deteriorated slightly since 1996 • Uses regenerative Heat Exchangers 85% with heat recovery

10. Stale Air Fresh Air Stale Air Fresh Air Operation of Regenerative Heat Exchangers

11. Winter heating • Experience shows that slab pre-heating is usually unnecessary – when used – often results in excess heat expelled later in day by AHUs • Summer Cooling • Slab temperature > 2oC above ambient • Cool air at night is circulated around slab to cool building • No air-conditioning required • In early years performance was not optimised • In later years energy efficiency has improve • even though air-tightness has deteriorated

12. Energy Consumption in Elizabeth Fry The performance of the building has improved with time Heating provided by domestic sized boilers. Energy requirement 20% of good practice for Academic Buildings.

13. Elizabeth Fry: Carbon Dioxide Emissions and User Satisfaction 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 ECON 19 Good Practice Type 3 Office kg/m2/annum Elizabeth Fry gas electricity carbon dioxide emissions 96 Elizabeth Fry User Satisfaction thermal comfort +28% air quality +36% lighting +25% noise +26% 44 An energy efficient building reduces carbon dioxide AND is a better building to work in.

15. The ZICER Building Zuckerman Institute for Connective Environmental Research • Follows the tradition of the Elizabeth Fry Building • Uses Termodeck construction • Draws heat from University Heating Main • Has a 34 kW array of Photo Voltaic cells on top floor and roof

16. ZICER Construction

17. ZICER Construction

18. ZICER Construction Ducts in floor slab

19. Installation of Solar Panels

20. Projected Performance of ZICER Elizabeth Fry performance has improved over years. ZICER will be better and less than 70% of emissions of mid 90’s best practice building Photovoltaic cells will generate ~ 30 kW and save 20 tonnes CO2 per annum.

21. Performance of Elizabeth Fry and ZICER

22. UEA Combined Heat and Power Scheme 86% Efficient

23. UEA CHP Scheme • Until 1999 most heat for space heating was supplied by large boilers • Primary main temperature ~ 110 – 120oC • All electricity imported • Energy bill was in excess of £1 million per year • Three 1 MWe generators are now installed • Provide the majority of the electricity for the campus • Export electricity at periods of low demand • Waste heat is used a primary heat source • Supplemented by existing boilers • CHP has reduced that figure by £400 000 per year

24. CHP Review electricity gas oil  total balloons  1997/98 kWh 19895328 35148158 33150 kg/kWh 0.43 0.186 0.277 tonnes 8555.0 6537.6 9.2 15101.7 8390 electricity export import Gener-ation boilers CHP oil total balloons 1999/00 kWh 20436531 977000 5783100 15630431 14510078 28263077 922563 kg/ kWh -0.43 0.43 0.186 0.186 0.277 tonnes -420.1 2486.7 0.0 2698.9 5256.9 255.5 10278.0 5710 Saving in CO2 emissions as a result of CHP - 4824 tonnes CO2 or 31.9% Equivalent to 2680 hot air balloons. [Note: UEA expanded during time and consumption increased so CO2 savings are really higher than this].

25. CHP Review • Installation of CHP units reduced carbon dioxide emissions by around • 8000 tonnes or 35%. • Reduced primary heating main temperature > lower distribution losses • Extends the life of the boiler house plant, • In summer • Heat Dump fans must be used to remove excess heat • The heat demand in summer dictates how much electricity can be • generated • In summer • Increased demand for cooling of scientific equipment • A 1MW absorption chiller is currently under installation

26. Desorber Heat from external source Heat Exchanger W ~ 0 High Temperature High Pressure Heat rejected Absorber Condenser Throttle Valve Evaporator Low Temperature Low Pressure Heat extracted for cooling Absorption Heat Pump

27. Concluding Remarks • UEA has been leading the way with energy conservation. • Technically • Constable Terrace • Elizabeth Fry • ZICER • CHP • Absorption Chilling • CRed is pioneering ways in which to reduced carbon dioxide emissions • Building partnerships • Education • Working in an integrated way

28. N. Keith Tovey, MA, PhD, C.Eng, MICE Low Carbon Innovation Centre University of East Anglia Norwich Н.К.Тови М.А., д-р технических наук Факультет экологических исследований Университета Восточной Англии