Circumcision

1. Circumcision Stephanie Landsom Abby Thomson CarinCrego Alisha Lager

2. Male Circumcision • Removal of some or all of the foreskin from the Penis. • Most common procedure is done surgically. • Ages of removal • How (rings, clamps) • Anesthesia

3. Why is Circumcision Performed • Health Reasons • Less risk of bladder infection • Religious Dedication • Sacrificed for Abraham • Appearance • Conformity • Tradition

4. Complications • Damage to Urethra • Reduction in Sensation • 75% of the sensitivity is lost when the foreskin of the penis is removed • Bleeding • Amputation of the Glands (Rare Cases) • Infection of the Blood (Rare Cases) • Scaring/ Appearance

5. Why Is this Controversial? • The penis requires no special cares. • The foreskin, like eyelids, is self cleansing. • Claims of Hurting the Newborn • Violation of Son’s Rights • The son doesn’t a say in choosing. • Loss of Sensitivity

6. Ethics • Doctors • Do circumcised males have a right to sue doctor when they are grown? • Interruption of mother infant bonding • Studies have shown that circumcision of infants interrupts the maternal and infant bonding which may lead to developmental problems. Ethical because, if the mother knows of this problem and continues with it… is it right?

7. Female Circumcisiom • Partial or Full Removal of female Genital Organs • Four Types: • Clitordectomy • Excision • Infibulation • Other • Age • Illegal in the U.S to circumcise a female before she’s 18 • Other countries infant to 15 • Anesthesia

8. Why is Circumcision Performed? • Tradition • Being able to get married (Africa) • It’s the way to raise your daughter • Ideology • Elimination of genital odors • Makes the women’s face more beautiful • Prevents nervousness • Prevents masturbation and lesbianism • Conformity • Prevents Premarital Sex • Cultural ideals of Femininity and modesty • Purity • Notion that girls are “clean” and “beautiful”

9. Complications • Severe Bleeding • Problems Urinating • Child Birth Problems • Urinary Tract Infections • Infertility • Need of later surgeries • Need of vaginal opening before child birth and sex • Often women choose to be stitched again after child birth.

10. Why is this controversial? • No Health Benefits • Methods of Mutilation • Female Circumcision Vs. Genital Mutilation • Violation of Human Rights • She doesn’t have a say.

11. Ethical • Sanitation Among Other Countries • Using of different surgical equipment • Glass vs. Scalpel • African Immigrants • Doctors not knowing procedures and can’t keep up with health care for the women.

12. Questions Should circumcision be covered by Insurance? Is it a violation of rights to be circumcised as a child? What age is appropriate? Do males have a right to sue his doctor?

13. Sources http://www.circumstitios.com/Compic.html#damage. http://www.parenting-boys.com/Pros-and-Cons-of-Circumcision.html Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1497147/ http://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/fgm_eng.pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1497147/ http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs241/en/ http://www.bhia.org/articles/mens-health/reasonsbehindcircumcision.html http://www.naturalfamilyonline.com/go/index.php/15/12-no-to-circumcision http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/menshealth/facts/circumcision.htm http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs241/en/ http://www.noharmm.org/mothering.htm