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SYNTHESIS

SYNTHESIS. Make me a molecule. “ Chemists make molecules … they study the properties of these molecules; they analyze, they form theories as to why molecules are stable, why they have the shapes and colors they do; they study mechanisms, trying to find out how molecules react. ”

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SYNTHESIS

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  1. SYNTHESIS Make me a molecule “Chemists makemolecules… they study the properties of these molecules; they analyze, they form theories as to why molecules are stable, why they have the shapes and colors they do; they study mechanisms, trying to find out how molecules react.” “At heart of their science is the molecule that is made.” ― Roald Hoffmann―

  2. Inthe beginning synthesis was unnecessary. Chemistry was founded upon the study of those materials which were available from natural sources. Many of the materials we use today are made by chemical synthesis.

  3. Organic Chemistry Organic Compounds Most of the new compounds made today are organic, that is, they are composed largely of carbon. This element has a unique ability to form strong chemical bonds between not only carbon atoms but also many other elements. The chemistry of life is largely a result of the incredible versatility of carbon and is, of course, why carbon chemistry is calledorganic chemistry. unstable stable and versatile

  4. Ammonium cyanate Urea Like most people of his time, the chemist Friedrich Woehler believed that living things had a special mysterious “life force” that enabled them to make “living chemicals” like urea. This notion later came to be known and derided as “vitalism.” When Woehler made a discovery that shocked him and overturned the reigning concept of vitalism: he made the substance "urea" out of inorganic chemicals in 1828 in a test tube and the life force theory was proven false.

  5. Product e.g. paint and pigment vitamin synthetic fiber pesticide plastic explosive pharmaceutical

  6. Synthesis involves breaking and making new chemical bonds to create new chemical structures. Acetylsalicylic acid (Asprin) Saliciyic acid In 400 B.C., the Greek physician Hippocrates recommended chewing bark of the willlow tree to alleviate the pain of childbirth and to treat eye infections. The active component of willow bark was later founded to be salicin.  Hydrolysis of salicin in aqueous acid gives salicyl alcohol, which can be oxidized to salicylic acid. Salicylic acid proved to be an even more effective pain reliever. Unfortunately, it causes severe irritation of stomach.  In 1883, chemists at Bayer division of I. G. Farben in Germany prepared aspirin. It proved to be less irritating to the stomach than salicylic acid and also more effective in relieving the pain and inflammation of rheumatoid arthritis. Salicin Salicyl alcohlol

  7. Organic Synthesis: • Carbon-Carbon Bond Formation • Functional Group Interconversion enantiomers Efficiency and selectivity are important characteristics that have to be taken into account. Efficiency:yields, number of steps Selectivity:chemoselectivity, regioselectivity, stereoselectivity

  8. Louis Pasteur was born on December 27, 1822 in Dole, in the region of Jura, France. Resolution of enantiomers Louis Pasteur Chemist 1822-1895 “Chance favors only prepared mind.” -Louis Pasteur

  9. Chiral Compounds (-)-2-iodobutane (bp: 119 oC) (+)-2-iodobutane (bp: 119 oC) [ ]D = +15.9 [ ]D = -15.9 Enatiomers Optical isomers They are optically active.

  10. MAKING COMPLEX MOLECULES Fischer achieved the first synthesis of the first truly complicated organic molecules, the sugar molecule D-glucose in 1890. Hermann Emil Fischer Germany (1852-1919) D-Glucsoe The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1902 Fischer’s work on the total synthesis of D-glucose is regarded as the catalyst for the development of synthetic organic chemistry in the 20th century.

  11. Willstatter’s synthesis of tropine Sir Robert Robinson United Kingdom (1886-1975) The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1947 Robinson’s synthesis of tropinone in 1917 The Robinson’s synthesis of tropinone was hailed as revolutionary. This was to look at the target molecule and try to imagine how the molecule could be constructed from simpler chemical units.

  12. In 1965 Professor R. B. Woodward was awarded the Nobel Prize for his contribution to ‘The Art of Organic Synthesis.’ The organic synthesis is like the game of chess. As the result of better understanding of the mechanistic principles of organic reactions, by the 1940s and 1950s the field of total synthesis really took off.

  13. Robert Burns Woodward

  14. Some of the Complex Molecules Made by Woodward “There is excitement, adventure, and challenge, and there can be great art in organic synthesis.” - Woodward Quinine (1944) anti-malarial drug Vitamin B12 (1973) Strychnine (1954) pesticide

  15. Prostaglandins Corey, Elias James 1928–, American organic chemist and educator, b. Methuen, Mass., grad. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (B.S. 1948, Ph.D. 1951). In 1990, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Some prostaglandins affect human blood pressure at concentrations as low as 0.1 microgram per kilogram of body weight. Substances that inhibit prostaglandin synthesis may be useful in controlling pain, asthma attacks, and anaphylactic shock and in reducing the clotting ability of blood.

  16. Retrosynthetic Analysis by Corey “The organic chemist is more than a logician and strategist; he is an explorer strongly influenced to speculate, to imagine, and even to create.” - Corey

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