Pengelolaan Pengganggu Tanaman

1. Pengelolaan Pengganggu Tanaman By IrdaSafni,SP,MCP,Ph.D

2. Silabus • Pendahuluan - Pengelolaan pengganggu tanaman yang berhubungan dengan penyakit tumbuhan • Pengelolaan pengganggu tanaman yang berhubungan dengan penyakit tumbuhan pada tanaman perkebunan • Pengelolaan pengganggu tanaman yang berhubungan dengan penyakit tumbuhan pada tanaman pangan • Pengelolaan pengganggu tanaman yang berhubungan dengan penyakit pada tanaman hortikultura & palawija

3. INTRODUCTION

4. Disease - A disease is the impairment of the normal physiological functioning of a plant or plant part, caused by the continued irritation of a primary factor or factors. • Loss due to disease range from: A few to 30 % • In case of sever infection: 100% crop failure

5. What causes plant diseases? Fungi Bacteria Viruses Nematodes

6. Comparison of Disease Cycles

7. The Disease Triangle Environment Pathogen Host

8. How A disease Develop……. • Development of any disease depends on a close interaction among three diverse factors: • The Host • The pathogen • The environment

9. What is Control Measures…… • Measures taken to prevent incidence of a disease, reduce the amount of inoculum that initiates the spreads of disease and finally minimises the loss caused by the disease have traditionally being called as control measures. • Plant disease management is the eminent process in crop production. • A disease can be managed by eliminating interaction between • A susceptible host • A virulent pathogen • In suitable environmental condition

10. Disease Cycle Management = interrupt the disease cycle

11. Fase patogenesa Inokulum patogen pertama ada di lapang dan melakukan infeksi serta menimbulkan penyakit. Siklus Primer Fase Saprogenesa Patogen bertahan pada kondisi tertentu di alam terjadi bila kondisi tidak optimal atau ekstrim. Fase destruktif patogen Terjadi pada inang utama dan kondisi optimal kerusakan tanaman Siklus Sekunder

12. Inoculum produced Production of survival structures Dispersal Symptoms Colonization Infection Disease Cycle Survival Management = interrupt the disease cycle Adapted from P. Vincelli, 2005

14. PRINCIPLES OF PLANT DISEASE MANAGEMENT 1) AVOIDANCE 2) EXCLUSION 3) ERADICATION 4) PROTECTION 5) RESISTANT VARIETIES 6) THERAPY H. H. Whetzel included four general disease control principles, Exclusion, Eradication, Protection, Resistance

15. Avoidance Avoiding disease by altering planting time, or planting in areas where inoculum is ineffective due to environmental condition or rare or absent. Avoidance can be carried out by:-

16. Exclusion Preventing the inoculum from entering or establishing in the field or area where it does not exist. • Seed treatment • Inspection • Certification • Quarantine (Federal or State) • Cleaned farm equipment Cleaning farm equipment

18. Eradication This principle aims at eliminating a pathogen after it is introduced into an area but before it has become well established or widely spread. It can be applied to • individual plants, • seed lots, • fields or regions It is generally not effective over large geographic areas

19. Eradiation can be done by…… • Destroying weeds that are reservoirs of various pathogens or insect vectors of disease, • Biological control of plant pathogen • Crop rotation • Soil treatment • Heat and chemical treatment Elimination of potato cull piles Weed Control

20. Crop Rotation Burning of infected residues crop Propane flaming Soil Treatment

21. Protection Preventing infection by creating a chemical toxic barrier between the plant surface and pathogens. • Chemical treatment • Chemical control of insect vector • Modification of environment or environment condition • Modification of host nutrition

22. Fungicides • Foliar fungicides • - stop infection and colonization of host Syngenta

23. Resistant Varieties Preventing infection or reducing effect of infection by managing the host through improvement of resistance in it by genetic manipulation or by chemotherapy. • Selection and hybridisation of disease resistance • Mutation for disease resistance

24. Resistance • - prevents colonization and disease development Soybean cyst nematode

25. Resistance • - reduces build up of inoculum Resistant variety has smaller and yellowish-green color lesions Susceptible variety has large lesions Corn Leaf Blight

26. Susceptible and resistant plant Susceptible and resistant plant to papaya ringspot virus

27. Therapy of disease plant Reducing severity of disease in an infected individual by chemicals. • Chemotherapy • Tree Surgery • Heat Therapy

28. Interrupting the disease cycle How does management interrupt the disease cycle? Inoculum produced Survival Production of survival structures Dispersal Infection Colonization Symptoms

29. Interrupting the disease cycle Rotation; tillage; planting high quality seed Inoculum produced Survival Production of survival structures Dispersal Infection Colonization Symptoms

30. Interrupting the disease cycle Variety resistance; fungicides Inoculum produced Survival Production of survival structures Dispersal Infection Colonization Symptoms

31. Summary • Understanding disease cycle is the fundamental of plant disease management • The disease cycle for all pathogens is essentially the same. • Effective management strategies break the disease cycle. • An understanding of the disease cycle will help implement management strategies.