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4. Overview of Antimicrobial Therapy Antimicrobial Drugs Functions of Antimicrobial Drugs Commonly Used Antimicrobial Drugs Interactions Between Drug and Host ] Measuring Drug Susceptibility Antimicrobial Drugs Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

5. Drug Resistance Antimicrobial Drugs(continued) Antiviral Drugs Other Antimicrobial Drugs ] Antimicrobial Drugs Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

6. Antimicrobial Drugs > Overview of Antimicrobial Therapy Overview of Antimicrobial Therapy • Origins of Antimicrobial Drugs • Antibiotic Discovery • Antibiotics and Selective Toxicity • Spectrum of Antimicrobial Activity • Antibiotic Classifications Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/antimicrobial-drugs-13/overview-of-antimicrobial-therapy-153/

7. Antimicrobial Drugs > Functions of Antimicrobial Drugs Functions of Antimicrobial Drugs • Inhibiting Cell Wall Synthesis • Injuring the Plasma Membrane • Inhibiting Nucleic Acid Synthesis • Inhibiting Protein Synthesis • Inhibiting Essential Metabolite Synthesis Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/antimicrobial-drugs-13/functions-of-antimicrobial-drugs-154/

8. Antimicrobial Drugs > Commonly Used Antimicrobial Drugs Commonly Used Antimicrobial Drugs • Synthetic Antimicrobial Drugs • Naturally Occurring Antimicrobial Drugs: Antibiotics • Beta-Lactam Antibiotics: Penicillins and Cephalosporins • Antibiotics from Prokaryotes • Antimycobacterial Antibiotics Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/antimicrobial-drugs-13/commonly-used-antimicrobial-drugs-155/

9. Antimicrobial Drugs > Interactions Between Drug and Host Interactions Between Drug and Host • Organ Toxicity • Allergic Responses to Drugs • Suppression and Alteration of Microbiota by Antimicrobials • Effects of Drug Combinations Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/antimicrobial-drugs-13/interactions-between-drug-and-host-156/

10. Antimicrobial Drugs > Measuring Drug Susceptibility Measuring Drug Susceptibility • Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) • Kirby-Bauer Disk Susceptibility Test Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/antimicrobial-drugs-13/measuring-drug-susceptibility-157/

11. Antimicrobial Drugs > Drug Resistance Drug Resistance • Mechanisms of Resistance • Antibiotic Misuse • Cost and Prevention of Resistance • Biofilms, Persisters, and Antibiotic Tolerance • Finding New Antimicrobial Drugs • Antimicrobial Peptides • Antisense Agents Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/antimicrobial-drugs-13/drug-resistance-158/

12. Antimicrobial Drugs > Antiviral Drugs Antiviral Drugs • Antiviral Agents that Prevent Virus Uncoating or Release • Antiviral DNA Synthesis Inhibitors • Nucleotide and Nonnucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors • Protease Inhibitors Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/antimicrobial-drugs-13/antiviral-drugs-159/

13. Antimicrobial Drugs > Other Antimicrobial Drugs Other Antimicrobial Drugs • Antifungal Drugs • Antiprotozoan and Antihelminthic Drugs Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/antimicrobial-drugs-13/other-antimicrobial-drugs-160/

14. Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

15. Antimicrobial Drugs Key terms • allergenA substance, known as an antigen, which stimulates an immune response from a sensitive individual. • anaphylaxisA rapid and severe allergic reaction which can lead to death • antibacterialA drug having the effect of killing or inhibiting bacteria. • antibioticAny substance that can destroy or inhibit the growth of bacteria and similar microorganisms. • antibioticAny substance that can destroy or inhibit the growth of bacteria and similar microorganisms. • antibioticsA chemical that slows the growth of, or kills a bacteria. • antimetaboliteAny substance that competes with or inhibits the normal metabolic process, often by acting as an analogue of an essential metabolite • antimicrobialAn agent that destroys microbes, inhibits their growth, or prevents or counteracts their pathogenic action. • antimicrobialAn agent that destroys microbes, inhibits their growth, or prevents or counteracts their pathogenic action. • antimicrobialAn agent that destroys microbes, inhibits their growth, or prevents or counteracts their pathogenic action. • antimicrobrial drugsA drug administered to a patient, with the purpose of killing or slowing the growth of a microorganism, including protozoans, fungi and bacteria. • atopic dermatitisAn atopic, hereditary, and non-contagious skin disease characterized by chronic inflammation of the skin. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

16. Antimicrobial Drugs • bacteriaA type, species, or strain of bacterium. • bactericidalAn agent that kills bacteria. • bactericidalAn agent that kills bacteria. • bacteriostaticA drug that prevents bacterial growth and reproduction but does not necessarily kill them. When it is removed from the environment the bacteria start growing again. • bacteriostaticA drug that prevents bacterial growth and reproduction but does not necessarily kill them. When it is removed from the environment the bacteria start growing again. • bacteriostaticA drug that prevents bacterial growth and reproduction but does not necessarily kill them. When it is removed from the environment the bacteria start growing again. • beta-lactam antibioticA broad class of antibiotics that inhibit cell wall synthesis, consisting of all antibiotic agents that contains a β-lactam nucleus in their molecular structures. This includes penicillin derivatives (penams), cephalosporins (cephems), monobactams, and carbapenems. • Beta-lactam antibioticsA broad class of antibiotics of which penicillin is a member. • beta-lactamaseAn enzyme produced by certain bacteria, responsible for their resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics such as penicillin. • broad spectrum antibioticA type of antibiotic that can affect a wide range of bacteria. • Candidal vulvovaginitisCandidal vulvovaginitis or vaginal thrush, or yeast infection, is an infection of the vagina's mucous membranes by Candida albicans. • cell wallA thick, fairly rigid layer formed around individual cells of bacteria, Archaea, fungi, plants, and algae, the cell wall is external to the cell membrane and helps the cell maintain its shape and avoid damage. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

17. Antimicrobial Drugs • cephalosporinsThe cephalosporins are a class of β-lactam antibiotics originally derived from the fungus Acremonium, which was previously known as "Cephalosporium". • chemotherapyAny chemical treatment intended to be therapeutic with respect to a disease state. • CMV retinitisAn inflammation of the eye's retina caused by CMV. It can lead to blindness. • combination therapyCombination therapy is the use of more than one medication or other therapy. Most often, these terms refer to the simultaneous administration of two or more medications to treat a single disease. • competitive substrate inhibitorsMolecules that bind to the active site of an enzyme and prevent the real substrate from binding to it. • contraindicationIn medicine, a contraindication is a condition or factor that serves as a reason to withhold a certain medical treatment. • course of antibioticsa period of continuous treatment with a drug. • cross-resistanceBacterial or viral resistance to a chemical which causes resistance to other chemicals of the same group. • cultureThe process of growing a bacterial or other biological entity in an artificial medium. • ergosterolmajor component of fungal cell membranes. • extracellular matrixAll the connective tissues and fibers that are not part of a cell, but rather provide support. • gingivitisinflammation of the gums or gingivae Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

18. Antimicrobial Drugs • Glycopeptide antibioticGlycopeptide antibiotics are composed of glycosylated cyclic or polycyclic nonribosomal peptides. Significant glycopeptide antibiotics include vancomycin, teicoplanin, telavancin, bleomycin, ramoplanin, and decaplanin. This class of drugs inhibit the synthesis of cell walls in susceptible microbes by inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis. • Gram stainA method of differentiating bacterial species into two large groups (Gram-positive and Gram-negative). • helminthA parasitic roundworm or flatworm. • hybridizeTo combine complementary subunits of multiple biological macromolecules. • infectionAn uncontrolled growth of harmful microorganisms in a host. • infectious diseaseInfectious diseases, also known as transmissible diseases or communicable diseases comprise of clinically evident illness (i.e., characteristic medical signs and/or symptoms of disease) resulting from the infection, presence and growth of pathogenic biological agents in an individual host organism. In certain cases, infectious diseases may be asymptomatic for much or even all of their course in a given host. In the latter case, the disease may only be defined as a "disease" (which by definition means an illness) in hosts who secondarily become ill after contact with an asymptomatic carrier. An infection is not synonymous with an infectious disease, as some infections do not cause illness in a host. • intrinsicinnate, inherent, inseparable from the thing itself, essential. • isoniazida medication used in the prevention and treatment of tuberculosis, having the chemical formula C6H7N3O • Kirby-Bauer antibiotic testingThis is a method to determine the sensitivity of microorganisms to specific antimicrobial drugs; greater drug efficacy yields larger microbe-free zones surrounding drug-containing disks after overnight growth on solid media. • leprosyLeprosy, also known as Hansen's disease (HD), is a chronic disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis. • messenger RNARNA that encodes and carries information from DNA during transcription to sites of protein synthesis to undergo translation in order to yield a protein • micro-organismA microorganism (from the Greek: μ, mikrós, "small" and ὀ, organismós, "organism"; also spelled micro-organism, micro organism or microörganism) or microbe is a microscopic organism that comprises either a single cell (unicellular), cell clusters, or multicellular relatively complex organisms. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

19. Antimicrobial Drugs • microbiotaThe microbial flora harbored by normal, healthy individuals. • microorganismAn organism that is too small to be seen by the unaided eye, especially a single-celled organism, such as a bacterium. • microorganismAn organism that is too small to be seen by the unaided eye, especially a single-celled organism, such as a bacterium. • mimeticA substance with similar pharmacological effects to another substance. • minimum inhibitory concentrationThis is the lowest concentration of an antimicrobial drug that prevents visible growth of a microorganism after overnight incubation with media. • minimum inhibitory concentrationThis is the lowest concentration of an antimicrobial drug that prevents visible growth of a microorganism after overnight incubation with media. • multidrug resistanceA condition enabling a disease-causing organism to resist distinct drugs or chemicals of a wide variety of structure and function targeted at eradicating the organism. • mycologythe study of fungi • narrow spectrum antibioticA type of antibiotic that targets specific types of Gram positive or Gram negative bacteria. • neutropeniaA hematological disorder characterized by an abnormally low neutrophil count. • non-competitive inhibitorsMolecules that bind to sites other than the active site of an enzyme while still being able to indirectly inhibit its function. • nucleaseAny of several enzymes capable of cleaving the phosphodiester bonds between the nucleotide subunits of nucleic acids. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

20. Antimicrobial Drugs • nucleotidethe monomer comprising DNA or RNA biopolymer molecules, consisting of a nitrogenous heterocyclic base; a five-carbon pentose sugar; and a phosphate group • ParasiteParasitism is a non-mutual relationship between organisms of different species where one organism, the parasite, benefits at the expense of the other, the host. • pathogenic bacteriaBacteria which infect and cause deleterious health effects. • penicillinAny of a group of broad-spectrum antibiotics obtained from Penicillium molds or synthesized; they have a beta-lactam structure; most are active against gram-positive bacteria and used in the treatment of various infections and diseases. • peptidoglycanA polymer of glycan and peptides found in bacterial cell walls. • plasma cella form of lymphocyte that produces antibodies when reacted with a specific antigen; a plasmacyte • plasma membraneThe semipermeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell. • protozoaProtozoa are a diverse group of unicellular eukaryotic organisms, many of which are motile. Originally, protozoa had been defined as unicellular protists with animal-like behavior, e.g., movement. Protozoa were regarded as the partner group of protists to protophyta, which have plant-like behavior, e.g., photosynthesis. • replicationProcess by which an object, person, place or idea may be copied mimicked or reproduced. • sialic acidA derivative of neuraminic acid (a nine-carbon monosaccharide) that is often the sugar part of glycoproteins. • transcriptionThe synthesis of RNA under the direction of DNA. • translationA process occurring in the ribosome, in which a strand of messenger RNA (mRNA) guides assembly of a sequence of amino acids to make a protein. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

21. Antimicrobial Drugs • tuberculosisTuberculosis, MTB, or TB (short for tubercle bacillus) is a common, and in many cases lethal, infectious disease caused by various strains of mycobacteria, usually Mycobacterium tuberculosis. • tuberculosisAn infectious disease of humans and animals caused by a species of mycobacterium mainly infecting the lungs where it causes tubercles characterized by the expectoration of mucus and sputum, fever, weight loss, and chest pain, and transmitted through inhalation or ingestion of bacteria. • zone of inhibitionThis is an area of media where bacteria are unable to grow, due to presence of a drug that impedes their growth. • β-lactamA β-lactam (beta-lactam) ring is a four-membered lactam. A lactam is a cyclic amide. It is named as such, because the nitrogen atom is attached to the β-carbon relative to the carbonyl. The simplest β-lactam possible is 2-azetidinone. • β-lactamA β-lactam (beta-lactam) ring is a four-membered lactam. A lactam is a cyclic amide. It is named as such, because the nitrogen atom is attached to the β-carbon relative to the carbonyl. The simplest β-lactam possible is 2-azetidinone. • β-lactamAny of a class of cyclic amides, that are the nitrogen analogs of lactones, formed by heating amino acids; the tautomeric enol forms are known as lactims. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

22. Antimicrobial Drugs Alexander Fleming In 1928 Alexander Fleming observed antibiosis against bacteria by a fungus of the genus Penicillium and postulated the effect was mediated by an antibacterial compound, penicillin, and that its antibacterial properties could be exploited for chemotherapy. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Alexander Fleming."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alexander_Fleming.jpgView on Boundless.com

23. Antimicrobial Drugs Escherichia coli A cluster of Escherichia coli Bacteria magnified 10,000 times. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."E coli at 10000x, original."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:E_coli_at_10000x,_original.jpgView on Boundless.com

24. Antimicrobial Drugs Microbroth Dilution Method To identify the lowest concentration required for a given antibiotic to inhibit bacterial growth, an identical amount of bacteria is introduced into wells of liquid media containing progressively lower concentrations of the drug. (Here, the dilution series of the drug is set up from left to right: for example, well E1 might contain 100 units of drug; E2, 50 units; E3, 25 units; E4, 12.5 units; etc.). Because bacterial growth made the media in well E5 cloudy and the media in well E4 is indistinguishable from clear media, this indicates that the minimum inhibitory concentration is between the drug concentrations in wells E4 and E5. (Image courtesy of Microrao, Dept. of Microbiology, JJMMC, Davangere). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."MIC microbroth dilution."CC BYhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MIC_microbroth_dilution.jpgView on Boundless.com

25. Antimicrobial Drugs Various AMPs These are various antimicrobial peptide structures. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Various AMPs."CC BY-SAhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Various_AMPs.pngView on Boundless.com

26. Antimicrobial Drugs Diagram of Transcription RNA Polymerase, an enzyme that produces RNA, from T. aquaticus pictured during elongation. Portions of the enzyme were made transparent so as to make the path of RNA and DNA more clear. The magnesium ion (yellow) is located at the enzyme active site. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."RNAP TEC small."Public domainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RNAP_TEC_small.jpgView on Boundless.com

27. Antimicrobial Drugs Antibiotic misuse Antibiotics are not effective against viral infections. Misusing them leads to resistant bacterial strains. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."CDC Get Smart poster healthy adult."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CDC_Get_Smart_poster_healthy_adult.pngView on Boundless.com

28. Antimicrobial Drugs Antibiotics Antibiotic misuse is a major cause of the staggering healthcare costs for the treatment of resistant bacterial strains. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."NOVAMOXIN antibiotic."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NOVAMOXIN_antibiotic.jpgView on Boundless.com

29. Antimicrobial Drugs Ringworm Ringworm on a human leg. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Yeartinfection."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yeartinfection.JPGView on Boundless.com

30. Antimicrobial Drugs Kirby-Bauer test In Kirby–Bauer testing, discs containing antibiotics are placed on agar where bacteria are growing, and the antibiotics diffuse out into the agar. If an antibiotic stops the bacteria from growing, one can see circular areas around the wafers where bacteria have not grown. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."KB test."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KB_test.jpgView on Boundless.com

31. Antimicrobial Drugs Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikispaces."SU3FINANCE - Chapter 12 - Determining the Cost of Capital."CC BY-SAhttp://su3finance.wikispaces.com/Chapter+12+-+Determining+the+Cost+of+CapitalView on Boundless.com

32. Antimicrobial Drugs Simplified diagram of protein synthesis Diagram showing how the translation of the mRNA and the synthesis of proteins is made by ribosomes. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Ribosome mRNA translation en."Public domainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ribosome_mRNA_translation_en.svgView on Boundless.com

33. Antimicrobial Drugs Purine Structure This is the chemical structure of purine. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Purine."Public domainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Purine.pngView on Boundless.com

34. Antimicrobial Drugs Gram Stain This is a microscopic image of a Gram stain of mixed Gram-positive cocci (Staphylococcus aureus, purple) and Gram-negative bacilli (Escherichia coli, red). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Gram stain 01."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gram_stain_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

35. Antimicrobial Drugs Mechanism of penicillin inhibition Penicillin and most other β-lactam antibiotics act by inhibiting penicillin-binding proteins, which normally catalyze cross-linking of bacterial cell walls. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."File:Penicillin inhibition.svg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Penicillin_inhibition.svg&page=1View on Boundless.com

36. Antimicrobial Drugs HIV protease with bound protease inhibitor The drug is ritonavir depicted here with a white molecule in the middle of the enzyme structure. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."HIV protease with bound ritonavir."Public domainhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:HIV_protease_with_bound_ritonavir.pngView on Boundless.com

37. Antimicrobial Drugs Mycobacterium Mycobacterium are a class of bacteria defined by their ability to grow in a mold-like manner. Here, a TEM of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis. Antimycobacterial antibiotics target mycobacterium. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Mycobacterium tuberculosis 01."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mycobacterium_tuberculosis_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

38. Antimicrobial Drugs Comparison of acyclovir and guanosine Acyclovir does not contain a sugar molecule with a 3'-OH group and will interrupt the synthesis of a newly synthesized nucleotide chain if added to it. The guanosine depicted in this specific image is used for RNA synthesis but acyclovir inhibits the synthesis of DNA synthesis. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Guanosine-acyclovir-comparison."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guanosine-acyclovir-comparison.pngView on Boundless.com

39. Antimicrobial Drugs Bacterial Cultures In antibacterial production, microorganisms must be isolated, cultured, and tested for growth inhibition of target organisms and for their selective toxicity. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Microbial cultures fridge."CC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Microbial_cultures_fridge.JPGView on Boundless.com

40. Antimicrobial Drugs Structure (3D) of the Influenza Virus The image depicts the major components of the virus structure, including the neuraminidase. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Influenza."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InfluenzaView on Boundless.com

41. Antimicrobial Drugs Folic Acid Structure This is the chemical structure of folic acid. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Folic acid structure."Public domainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Folic_acid_structure.svgView on Boundless.com

42. Antimicrobial Drugs Tuberculosis This x-ray of a tuberculosis patient shows the lung on the left side completely infected and the right lung partially infected (the dark areas), with tuberculosis. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Tuberculosis."Public domainhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tuberculosis.jpgView on Boundless.com

43. Antimicrobial Drugs Penicillin spheroplast generation Diagram depicting the failure of bacterial cell division in the presence of a cell wall synthesis inhibitor (e.g. penicillin, vancomycin).1- Penicillin (or other cell wall synthesis inhibitor) is added to the growth medium with a dividing bacterium.2- The cell begins to grow, but is unable to synthesize new cell wall to accommodate the expanding cell.3- As cellular growth continues, cytoplasm covered by plasma membrane begins to squeeze out through the gap(s) in the cell wall.4- Cell wall integrity is further violated. The cell continues to increase in size, but is unable to "pinch off" the extra cytoplasmic material into two daughter cells because the formation of a division furrow depends on the ability to synthesize new cell wall.5- The cell wall is shed entirely, forming a spheroplast, which is extremely vulnerable relative to the original cell. The loss of the cell wall also causes the cell to lose control over its shape, so even if the original bacterium were rod-shaped, the sphereoplast is generally spherical. Finally, the fact that the cell has now doubled much of its genetic and metabolic material further disrupts homeostasis, which usually leads to the cell's death. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."File:Penicillin spheroplast generation.svg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia."CC BYhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Penicillin_spheroplast_generation.svg&page=1View on Boundless.com

44. Antimicrobial Drugs Structure of tetracycline Tetracycline antibiotics are protein synthesis inhibitors, inhibiting the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the mRNA-ribosome complex. They do so mainly by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit in the mRNA translation complex. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Tetracyclines."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tetracyclines.pngView on Boundless.com

45. Antimicrobial Drugs Pyrimidine Structure This is the chemical structure of pyrimidine. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Pyrimidine chemical structure."CC BY-SAhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pyrimidine_chemical_structure.pngView on Boundless.com

46. Antimicrobial Drugs DNA Replication The double helix is unwound and each strand acts as a template for the next strand. Bases are matched to synthesize the new partner strands. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."File:DNA replication split.svg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia."CC BY-SAhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:DNA_replication_split.svg&page=1View on Boundless.com

47. Antimicrobial Drugs Estimation of adults with HIV/AIDS by country The data shows the people, between 18-49 years, by country who are affected by HIV/AIDS. The information is provided by UNAIDS based on a report from July 2008 Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia.Public domainhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/archive/d/d7/20120525192649!HIV_Epidem.pngView on Boundless.com

48. Antimicrobial Drugs Supernatant of a Streptomyces davawensis culture The picture shows the typical red color of the antibiotic Roseoflavin secreted by the Streptomyces cells in the culture. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Roseoflavin."Public domainhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Roseoflavin.pngView on Boundless.com

49. Antimicrobial Drugs Gut bacteria This is an electron micrograph, at 10,000X magnification. The oblong structures are Escherichia coli (E. coli), a symbiotic bacteria found in the human intestinal system. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."E coli at 10000x."Public domainhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:E_coli_at_10000x.jpgView on Boundless.com

50. Antimicrobial Drugs Prokaryotic Cell Diagram of a typical gram-negative bacterium, with the thin cell wall sandwiched between the red outer membrane and the thin green plasma membrane. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."File:Average prokaryote cell- en.svg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia."Public domainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Average_prokaryote_cell-_en.svg&page=1View on Boundless.com