Energy flow through ecosystems

1. Energy flow through ecosystems Concept 6 Energetics

2. Wake Up Work #1*new sheet of paper* • How many ATP are produced during Glycolysis? • How many ATP are produced during the Kreb’s Cycle? • How many ATP are produced during the Electron Transport Chain? • How many ATP are produced through fermentation (lactic acid or alcohol)? • What organelle does cellular respiration occur in?

3. Agenda for 3/12/14 • Wake Up Work #1 • Concept 6 Notes • Pages 32-33 • Practice: pages 34 and 35 • Start Review: • Page 36 and 47 • Article Summary

4. What is an Ecosystem? • An ecosystem is a group of organisms that live in a particular environment and need each other for survival. • Organisms are living things such as plants and animals.

5. Energy in ecosystems • Where does all energy for life on the surface of the planet come from? • All living things need energy… • The simplest path that energy takes through an ecosystem is represented by a food chain!

6. Energy in ecosystems • Energy for life comes from the SUNwhich is stored in GLUCOSE! • This glucose is created during photosynthesis from carbon dioxide • Then the glucose is broken down during cellular respiration and released as carbon dioxide

8. Energy Flow in an Ecosystem The sun is the primary energy source for all living organisms. Producers harvest energy from the sun. (plants) Consumers are organisms that eat something else. (animals) Decomposers eat and break down dead plants and animals and return nutrients to the soil for new producers .

9. CAN YOU IDENTIFY THE: • Primary source of energy for all living organisms • Producer • Consumers • Decomposer

10. PRODUCERS OBTAIN ENERGY

11. Consumers Obtain Energy • Herbivores—animals that eat only plants • Carnivores—animals that eat only meat • Omnivores—animals that eat plants and meat • Detrivores—eat dead plants and animals or their waste • Decomposers • Scavengers 2 3 2 1 Producer 4

13. Food chains and food webstrophic levels • Food chains trace a single flow of energy and show trophic levels • The levels of nourishment (energy) in a food chain • Organisms use 90% of the energy for cellular processes (cellular respiration or active transport) and lose some energy in the form of heat • The rest of the energy (10%) is stored – this can be used by the organism at a later time, or transferred to other trophic levels if the organism is eaten! • So…the next organism on the chain always receives ONLY 10 PERCENT of the energy obtained in the previous level.

14. 1st Trophic Level • Autotroph/Producer • Producers are organisms that can generate their own energy(aka autotroph—“auto” = self, “troph” = nourishment) • These organisms, such as plants and some bacteria and algae, capture energy from the sun and store it as carbohydrates through the process of photosynthesis. • These organisms form the base of the trophic pyramid. They convert solar energy into a form that is useable by all other organisms in the ecosystem.

15. 2nd Trophic Level • Primary Consumer/Herbivore • Primary Consumers, or heterotrophs (“hetero” = other, “troph” = nourishment), • These animals get their energy from other sources – like food! • Primary consumers get their energy directly from producers • They are the first (primary) consumers on the trophic pyramid, and are found right above producers on the trophic pyramid. When they eat producers, like plants, they take in the energy that was stored in the plant.

16. 3rd Trophic Level • Secondary Consumer / Carnivore or Omnivore • Secondary consumers are also considered heterotrophs. • They get their energy from eating primary consumers. • Note: An organism may be on different levels on the trophic pyramid depending on what they eat. For example, a bear is considered a primary consumer when it eats berries, but is a secondary consumer when it eats fish.

17. 4th and Higher Trophic Levels • Tertiary or Quaternary Consumers / Carnivore • Tertiary Consumers are the 3rd level of consumers (eat secondary consumers) and Quaternary Consumers are 4th level consumers (eat tertiary consumers). • Both are generally carnivores (eat only meat). • These organisms are at the top of the food chain, and have the LEAST amount of energy available to them • Remember: only 10% of the energy from each level is available to the next level!

18. Trophic levels

19. Food chains and food webstrophic pyramids • Trophic pyramids illustrate trophic levels • It takes a large amount of producers to support a small amount of consumers • Can show: • Energy (kcal/m^2/yr) • Represents the energy available at each trophic level; levels ALWAYS get smaller as you go up the pyramid (you cannot GAIN energy!) – remember the Rule of 10. • Biomass (g/m) • Represents the total mass of living organic matter at each trophic level • Numbers • Represents the number of individual organisms at each trophic level; since the amount of energy decreases as you move up the pyramid, fewer organisms can be supported at higher levels

22. What’s the difference in a food web and a food chain? • A food web is a more complex diagram showing the interconnected feeding relationships among organisms in an ecosystem. • A food web is made up of many food chains because most organisms eat more than one type of food. • Notice that the arrows in the food web point from the organism that is eaten to the organism that is doing the eating (from prey to predator). • The arrows represent the flow of energy, and energy always moves in one direction through the food chain/web. • Will show specialists and generalists • Specialists: eat only one thing • Generalists: eat many things • Who’s more at risk of extinction?

23. A food chain is a direct line of consumption. • Example in the picture to the rightThe grasshopper eats the flower, the bird eats the grasshopper and the owl eats the bird. • Create two more food chains from the food web!

24. goshawk grouse Marmot

25. **Watch Video** • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v6ubvEJ3KGM