1 / 74

Biodiesel 101

Biodiesel 101. Biofuels…Moving Indiana Forward Merrillville, Indiana April 28, 2008 Presented by Hoon Ge. General info on biodiesel Emissions OEM stance on biodiesel 2007 Engines Biodiesel Supply & Demand BQ 9000 – Fuel Quality ULSD and Biodiesel; benefits & compatibility

wiley
Download Presentation

Biodiesel 101

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Biodiesel 101 Biofuels…Moving Indiana Forward Merrillville, Indiana April 28, 2008 Presented by Hoon Ge

  2. General info on biodiesel Emissions OEM stance on biodiesel 2007 Engines Biodiesel Supply & Demand BQ 9000 – Fuel Quality ULSD and Biodiesel; benefits & compatibility Filter plugging sources Good fuel “housekeeping” Useful informational resources Summary of Topics

  3. Machinery Exhibit – 1900 World’s Fair Rudolph Diesel demonstrated his compression ignition engine, which at the request of the French Government, ran on peanut oil. www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/arch/1900fair.html - Jeffrey Howe

  4. History of Biodiesel Vegetable oils were used in diesel engines until the 1920's when engines began using diesel fuel

  5. Biodiesel Defined Biodiesel, n. -- a fuel comprised of mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal fats, designated B100, and meeting the requirements of ASTM D 6751. Biodiesel blend, n. -- a blend of biodiesel fuel meeting ASTM D 6751 with petroleum-based diesel fuel designated BXX, where XX is the volume percent of biodiesel.

  6. Making Biodiesel (Catalyst) 100 pounds + 10 pounds = 10 pounds + 100 pounds Triglyceride Alcohol Glycerin Mono-Alkyl Esters _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Soy oil Methanol Biodiesel - Raw Vegetable Oil is NOT Biodiesel! - Other ‘biomass’ products aren’t Biodiesel - Must meet ASTM D 6751

  7. Biodiesel Raw Materials Oil or FatAlcohol Soybean Methanol (common) Corn Ethanol Canola Cottonseed Catalyst Sunflower Sodium hydroxide Beef tallow Potassium hydroxide Pork lard Used cooking oils

  8. Biodiesel Attributes • High Cetane (avg. over 50) • Ultra Low Sulfur (avg. ~ 2 ppm) • High Lubricity, even in blends as low at 1-2% • High Energy Balance (3.2 to 1) • Low Agriculture Inputs: Soybeans • 78% Life Cycle CO2 Reduction • Renewable, Sustainable • Domestically Produced • Reduces HC, PM, CO in existing diesel engines • Reduces NOx in boilers and home heating

  9. Biodiesel ASTM D6751 Property ASTM Method Limits Units • Calcium & Magnesium, combined EN 14538 5 max ppm (ug/g) • Flash Point (closed cup) D 93 93 min. Degrees C • Alcohol Control (One of the following must be met) • Methanol Content EN14110 0.2 Max % volume • Flash Point D93 130 Min Degrees • Water & Sediment D 2709 0.05 max. % vol. • Kinematic Viscosity, 40 C D 445 1.9 - 6.0 mm2/sec. • Sulfated Ash D 874 0.02 max. % mass • Sulfur • S 15 Grade D 5453 0.0015 max. (15) % mass (ppm) • S 500 Grade D 5453 0.05 max. (500) % mass (ppm) • Copper Strip Corrosion D 130 No. 3 max. • Cetane D 613 47 min. • Cloud Point D 2500 Report Degrees C • Carbon Residue 100% sample D 4530* 0.05 max. % mass • Acid Number D 664 0.50 max. mg KOH/g • Free Glycerin D 6584 0.020 max. % mass • Total Glycerin D 6584 0.240 max. % mass • Phosphorus Content D 4951 0.001 max. % mass • Distillation, T90 AET D 1160 360 max. Degrees C • Sodium/Potassium, combined EN 14538 5 max ppm • Oxidation Stability EN 14112 3 min hours

  10. Materials Compatibility • B100 may adversely affect some elastomers such as natural or nitrile rubbers over time. • Most elastomers used after 1993 are compatible with B100 (Viton/Teflon). • Blends (B20) effect is less or non-existent. • Normal monitoring of hoses and gaskets for leaks is sufficient with B20. • Consult with your parts supplier or mechanical engineering partners.

  11. Materials Compatibility • Biodiesel and biodiesel blends will form high sediment levels when in contact with the following metals: -Brass, Bronze, Copper, Lead, Tin and Zinc • Biodiesel is compatible with: - Stainless Steel, Aluminum

  12. Emissions

  13. EPA HD Emissions Averages

  14. Biodiesel and Global Warming • Closed Carbon Cycle: CO2 Used to Grow Feedstock is Put Back Into Air • 78% Life Cycle Decrease In CO2 • Energy Balance 3.24 to 1 • Compression Ignition Platform 30% to 40% More Efficient Than Spark Ignition

  15. Biodiesel Position with OEM’s Original Equipment Manufacturers: • B100 Must Meet ASTM D 6751 • Most OEM HQ’s have B20 experience: • Won’t void warrantee • Problems caused by the fuel are the responsibility of the fuel supplier • Want to see additional experience in the field • Higher blends OK’d based on experience of OEM and their technology

  16. 2007 Engines

  17. Engines Produced in 2007 • EPA regulations require reduced sulfur in diesel fuel for engines built in 2007 • 80% of highway diesel fuel must be ULSD (< 15ppm sulfur) beginning june1, 2006 • Catalyzed Diesel Particulate Filters can eliminate 99% of solid particles (soot & metals) and eliminate >90% of semi-volatile hydrocarbons. Source: EPA

  18. Diesel Particle Filters (DPF) • Diesel particle filters (DPF) are found in all 2007 model year diesel vehicles. • What possible advantages or disadvantages may result from using biodiesel blends in these engines? • The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) has conducted a study in order to define these effects on DPFs.

  19. Indicators of DPF Performance • Filter regeneration rate increased significantly when using blends as low as B5. Lower particulate temperature and less particulate input contributed. “Biodiesel Effects on Diesel Particle Filter Performance.” National Renewable Energy Laboratory, March 2006.

  20. BiodieselSupply and Demand

  21. Demand for Crude1 barrel (bbl) = 42 gallons (U.S.) Globally about 80,000,000 bbl/day Over 16,000,000 bbl of crude oil processedevery day in the US (650,000,000 gal/day) 800,000,000 gal/day total product demand 360,000,000 gal/day gasoline 140,000,000 gal/day distillate 68,000,000 gal/day jet fuel Over 5 billion gallons of distillate fuel oil are imported each year 150 U.S. refineries with capacities ranging from 15 mbbl/day (600,000 gallons/day) to over 500 mbbl/day (21,000,000 gallons/day and operate at 90+% capacity

  22. Biodiesel Demand

  23. If Every Trucker Used B2 The industry would utilize 761 million gallons of B100 annually.

  24. If Everyone Used B2 • If every body using diesel fuels (on and off road) and home heating oil used 2% biodiesel then we would use 1.2 billion gallons of biodiesel each year.

  25. Fuel Availability Fuel available through direct shipment from over 1,956 petroleum distributors nationwide Over 1,234 retail filling stations nationwide 648 locations are semi-truck accessible Movement towards biodiesel at the terminal – over 158 terminals nationwide

  26. Blending is occurring at over 40 terminals nationwide. • DOE has supported this effort.

  27. Biodiesel Production Capacity

  28. Production Locations (1/25/08)

  29. Biodiesel Plants Under Construction and Expansion (9/7/07)

  30. Production Capacity by State (9/7/07)

  31. BQ-9000Fuel Quality of Biodiesel

  32. “cradle” “grave” FuelQuality • Fuel quality is of the utmost concern and importance to the biodiesel industry. • ASTM D 6751 is the specification for biodiesel fuels irrespective of the feedstock source and/or processing method. • National Quality Program (BQ-9000) Launched for Biodiesel Marketers and Producers • Look for BQ-9000 Certified Marketers: Biodiesel’s ‘Good Housekeeping’ Seal of Approval • Assures “cradle-to-grave” fuel quality

  33. BQ-9000 “Quality Assurance Program” “Specifies requirements for a quality assurance program where an organization needs to demonstrate its ability to provide product that meets ASTM D 6751… and applicable regulatory requirements, and to address quality assurance through the effective application of the program…” HELPS ENSURE THAT END-USER IS GETTING HIGH-QUALITY BIODIESEL!!

  34. ALWAYS BUY PRODUCT FROM BQ-9000 CERTIFIED PRODUCERS OR MARKETERS!!!

  35. BQ-9000 Information Through the NBB www.bq-9000.org www.biodiesel.org www.nbb.org Find information on the requirements for the program and a list of accredited producers/marketers on the NBB website.

  36. Biodiesel and ULSDBenefits and Compatibility

  37. Benefits: Biodiesel and ULSD • Compatible with the compression ignition platform and with diesel fuel itself • Greatly enhances lubricity of ULSD • Compatible with 2007 diesel engine catalysts • Aids with ULSD conductivity issues • Reduces harmful emissions • Power and performance virtually unchanged • Seamless & transparent with existing petroleum infrastructure, (liquid not gaseous) • Promotes national energy security • Renewable, non-toxic, green blend stock option

  38. Properties of ULSD & Biodiesel Blends

  39. Lubricity

  40. ULSD & Lubricity • Sulfur compounds are natural lubricants in diesel. • ULSD regulations are causing major concerns with diesel engine performance. • ASTM lubricity requirement effectiveJan 1, 2005 for diesel fuels. • ASTM D 6079 High Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR) Wear Scar Maximum = 520 micrometers

  41. Biodiesel Adds Significant Lubricity to ULSD The average lubricity of Biodiesel blends compare to lubricity additives.

  42. Lubricity Effects of Biodiesel on the Lubricity of Diesel fuel.

  43. Cold Flow Properties

  44. CFPP Testing of ULSD Bio Blends

  45. CFPP Testing of ULSD B2 blends with No 1 ULSD

  46. Filter PluggingSources

  47. Paraffin Wax • The material on these filters was solid until touched or warmed to room temperature, then it melted. Laboratory analysis showed this material was in fact paraffin/hydrocarbon in nature. The high level of paraffin material could be from the way ULSD is processed. • When the temperature of the fuel is at or below its cloud point, paraffin material will precipitate out and collect on the bottom of the tank. • As a point of note, when the heavy paraffin's are disturbed from the filters, they liquefy. The minor ingredients associated with biodiesel will not liquefy and require heat to go back into solution. Paraffin build-up does not come from biodiesel fuel.

  48. Aromatic compound Olefin Compound H2 C6H6 C6H12 Cyclic, double bonds Straight, double bond n-Paraffin Compound H2 C6H14 Straight, single bonds Structures taken from www.chemfinder.com

  49. Microbial Growth • Several filters showed high content of live microbial organisms or a build-up of dead microbial material. The filters with microbial contamination often had an odor different from the normal fuel smell. • MEG Corp believes that the lack of sulfur in biodiesel and ULSD aids in the build-up of such organisms since sulfur is a key component of many biocides and is a natural inhibitor of bacterial and fungal growth.

  50. Bacteria • Breakdown all grades of liquid fuel. • Cause corrosion of metals, especially iron and steel. • Different species can survive with oxygen (aerobic) or without oxygen (anaerobic). • Plug fuel-system filters and lines, cause fuel gauge malfunctions, damage pumps and injectors, and feed on tank linings, hoses and coatings to obtain additional nourishment.

More Related