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Safety of Dangerous Goods and Security City Atrium Vooruitgangstraat 56 1210 BRUSSEL info@mobilit.fgov.be www.mobilit.fgov.be. ADR Road Checks. ADR Road Checks. ADR Road Checks. ADR Road Checks. ADR Road Checks. ADR Road Checks. ADR Road Checks. ADR Road Checks. ADR Road Checks.
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Safety of Dangerous Goods and Security City Atrium Vooruitgangstraat 56 1210 BRUSSEL info@mobilit.fgov.be www.mobilit.fgov.be
ADR and Cargo Securing ADR enforcement bodies informal meeting Brussels 7/7/2011
Overview • Introduction • Legislation: ADR & European Guidelines • Cargo securing principles • Calculations • Recommendations • Discussion
1. Introduction • 25% of accidents involving trucks attributed to inadequate cargo securing • Consequences: Personal losses, traffic jams, economical losses,… • Long standing issue in road traffic leading to widespread initiatives and measures • Different approaches and enforcement practices between different ADR contracting parties
2. Legislation • ADR section 7.5.7 until 2005 • 7.5.7 Handling and stowage • 7.5.7.1 The various components of a load comprising dangerous goods shall be properly stowed on the vehicle or in the container and secured by appropriate means to prevent them from being significantly displaced in relation to each other and to the walls of the vehicle or container. The load may be protected, for example, by the use of side wall fastening straps, sliding slatboards and adjustable brackets, air bags and anti-slide locking devices. The load is also sufficiently protected within the meaning of the first sentence if each layer of the whole loading space is completely filled with packages.
2. Legislation • ADR section 7.5.7 from 2007 (as currently and taken over from the UN Model Regulations) • 7.5.7.1 Where appropriate the vehicle or container shall be fitted with devices to facilitate securing and handling of dangerous goods. Packages containing dangerous goods and unpackaged dangerous articles shall be secured by suitable means capable of restraining the goods (such as fastening straps, sliding slatboards, adjustable brackets) in the cargo transport unit in a manner that will prevent any movement during transport which would change the orientation of the packages or cause them to be damaged. When dangerous goods are transported with other goods (e.g. heavy machinery or crates), all goods shall be securely fixed or packed in the cargo transport units so as to prevent the release of dangerous goods. Movement of packages may also be prevented by filling any voids by the use of dunnage or by blocking and bracing. Where restraints such as banding or straps are used, these shall not be over-tightened to cause damage or deformation of the package.
2. Legislation • ADR section 7.5.7 from 2009 • Footnote: Guidance on the stowage of dangerous goods can be found in the European Best Practice Guidelines on Cargo Securing for Road Transport published by the European Commission. Other guidance is also available from competent authorities and industry bodies. • UN Model Regulations 7.1.1 Note 2 Reference to IMO/ILO/UNECE Guidelines for packing CTUs, modal and national codes of practice • UN Model Regulations 7.1.1.11 (new 2011) Stowage of flexible bulk containers…
2. Legislation • European Best Practice Guidelines on Cargo Securing for Road Transport (started 2002 – published 2006) • Published by the European Commission • Non-mandatory • Based largely on existing UK and German best practices, industry standards and European standard EN 12195 • Comprehensive review of lashing methods, calculation models, …
2. Legislation • ADR 7.5.7.1 devices to facilitate securing & secured by suitable means “ => EN 12195 + EN 12640 (B) Royal Decree 27/4/2007 art. 1.2 & 7
2. Legislation • ADR 7.5.7.1 prevent damage or deformation of the package” => Examples (B) Royal Decree 27/4/2007 art 4: “adequate transport packaging”
2. Legislation • ADR 7.5.7.1 prevent any movement which would change the orientation of the packages or cause them to be damaged: (B) Royal Decree 27/4/2007 art 4
3. Cargo securing principles • Forces • -> Fg = gravitational force = mass x 9,81 m/s² ≈ [mass in kg] daN -> Forces of inertia: object in motion naturally stays in motion -> Friction forces: energy dissipation through heat losses
3. Cargo securing principles • -> Cargo securing forces = counterforces applied by securing • For lashings: • Lashing capacity = force resistance before • rupture of lashing • Tension force = actual force exerted by the • lashing on the load in a top-down lashing • -> Interaction: Newton’s laws of motion and classical mechanics • The friction and cargo securing forces must compensate for the forces of inertia during breaking, turning or acceleration
3. Cargo securing principles • Friction -> enhances cargo/surface Interaction -> reduces the magnitude of Inertia forces to be compensated -> can be increased artificially By use of friction placemats,… -> friction coefficients are given In tables in the European Guidelines, EN 12195, VDI 2700,… Example: (no friction) – (friction)
3. Cargo securing principles • Calculations are based on stable load units: resist 26° tilt test • Examples: (1) – (2) – (3)
3. Cargo securing principles • Load bearing capacity depends on cargo transport unit (CTU) construction: containers (ISO 1496-1), swap bodies (EN 283), L & XL trailers (EN 12642)
3. Cargo securing principles • Load bearing capacity depending on CTU construction:
Discussion • Cargo secured but lashing has cut into a UN cartboard box: 4.1.1.1 or 7.5.7.1? • Cargo secured by filling voids: visibility of the danger labels? • Cargo secured by lashing not conforming to a standard on vehicle without evidence of EN 12642 approval?
4. Calculations • Based on EN 12195-1
4. Calculations • Alternative: certificate for standardized cargo and CTUs
4. Calculations • Information needed: • Type of load securing (blocking, lashing,…) • Mass and setup of the load units • Lashing capacity and tension force • Lashing angle • Friction factor • Vehicle load bearing capacity
4. Calculations • Example: 8 boxes: 2 x 2 x 1.7m 3000 kg/box Static friction box/floor: 0.4 Lashing: STF = 400 daN EN 12195-1IMO/ILO/UNECE -> table: 1 lashing per box -> (calculation sheet): 2 lashings per box
5. Recommendations • Emphasis on inspector training • Development of guidance material, calculation tools, … • Cross - evaluation of technical requirements (e.g. for transport packaging between ADR, EN 12195-1, …) • Uniform enforcement approach in the EU • Allow flexibility and alternatives “the perfect is the enemy of the good” - Voltaire
Discussion • Responsabilities after restowing based on inspection? • Calculations in practice for mixed loads? • Different results for EN 12195-1 and IMO/ILO/UNECE?
