THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR

1. THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR 1861-1865 Nancy K. Ware, Instructor Gainesville High School EOCT Guide 38-51

2. GPS 9 The student will identify key events, issues, and individuals relating to the causes, course, and consequences of the Civil War. • a. Explain the Kansas-Nebraska Act, the failure of popular sovereignty, Dred Scott case, and John Brown’s Raid. • b. Describe President Lincoln’s efforts to preserve the Union as seen in his second inaugural address and the Gettysburg speech and in his use of emergency powers, such as his decision to suspend habeas corpus. • c. Describe the roles of Ulysses Grant, Robert E. Lee, “Stonewall” Jackson, William T. Sherman, and Jefferson Davis. • d. Explain the importance of Fort Sumter, Antietam, Vicksburg, Gettysburg, and the Battle for Atlanta. • e. Describe the significance of the Emancipation Proclamation. • f. Explain the importance of the growing economic disparity between the North and the South through an examination of population, functioning railroads, and industrial output.

3. GPS 9 Essential QuestionsWhat were the key events, issues, and individuals relating to the causes, course of, and consequences of the Civil War? • What were the Kansas-Nebraska Act, popular sovereignty failure, Dred Scott case, and John Brown’s Raid? How did these lead into the Civil War? • What did President Lincoln do to keep the Union together? How did the second inaugural address and the Gettysburg speech inspire the nation? What emergency powers did Lincoln use? What did he do to habeas corpus? How did this help to win the war for the North? • Who were Ulysses Grant, Robert E. Lee, “Stonewall” Jackson, William T. Sherman, and Jefferson Davis? What were their roles in the Civil War? • What was important about the following battles? Fort Sumter, Antietam, Vicksburg, Gettysburg, and the Battle for Atlanta. • What was the significance of the Emancipation Proclamation? • What was the importance of the growing economic disparity between the North and the South? Compare and Contrast the similarities and differences in population, functioning railroads, and industrial output.

4. GPS 9a. Explain the Kansas-Nebraska Act • Senator Stephen Douglas of Illinois brought up the issue of slavery again in 1854. Illinois had much to gain from the admittance of Kansas and Nebraska to the Union. One advantage was that Chicago would benefit from running a railroad through Kansas and Nebraska. Also, Douglas wanted to be president and he needed the support of Southern Democrats to win. Douglas knew that they would object to admitting Kansas and Nebraska as a free state so he introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act. • The Kansas-Nebraska Act supported the idea of popular sovereignty. Popular sovereignty means “the will of the people.” In other word, the people living in these territories would vote on whether or not to allow slavery. The Kansas Nebraska Act repealed the Missouri Compromise and reignited the issue of slavery. • Both supporters of slavery and abolitionists rushed into Kansas. Fighting broke out between the two groups and the became known as “Bleeding Kansas.” • Answer the following questions: • How would Douglas benefit from the admittance of Kansas and Nebraska from the Union? • How did the Kansas-Nebraska Act establish how states should make the decision about whether to be a slave state or free state? • How did the Kansas-Nebraska Act backfire? • How did the Kansas-Nebraska Act repeal the Missouri Compromise?

5. 9a Kansas – Nebraska aCT 1854 • S___________ D__________ pushed the Kansas-Nebraska Act through Congress despite the criticism from Northern congressmen that the bill violated the M____________C_____________ • Since p____________s_____________ would decide whether slavery would be allowed in K__________, violence broke out between pro-___________ and ______-slavery forces in what came to be known as “B____________K_________”. • Pro-slavery forces attacked anti-slavery settlers in Lawrence and _________ Brown and his followers took revenge on the pro-slavery settlement in Pottawatamie Creek.

6. 9a Kansas – Nebraska aCT 1854 • Stephen Douglas pushed the Kansas-Nebraska Act through Congress despite the criticism from Northern congressmen that the bill violated the Missouri Compromise. • Since popular sovereigntywould decide whether slavery would be allowed in Kansas, violence broke out between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces in what came to be known as “Bleeding Kansas”. • Pro-slavery forces attacked anti-slavery settlers in Lawrence and John Brown and his followers took revenge on the pro-slavery settlement in Pottawatamie Creek.

7. “Bleeding Kansas” What is ironic about this picture? How does this picture tell the story of popular sovereignty? A Peace Convention at Fort Scout, Kansas

9. 9a. Dred Scott vs. Sanford 1857 http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4h2933.htmlhttp://video.pbs.org/video/2298073069 Who was Dred Scott? Why was the case of Dred Scott vs. Sanford significant? What was the final decision of the Supreme Court? How did the decision impact the Missouri Compromise?

10. 9a. Dred Scott vs. Sanford http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4h2933.html http://video.pbs.org/video/2298073069 • Who was Dred Scott? A slave that had traveled & lived on free soil with his slave-owner • Why was the case of Dred Scott vs. Sanford significant? It challenged slavery in the courts & was a direct challenge to the US Constitution • What was the final decision of the Supreme Court? The Supreme Court ruled Dred was property and not a US Citizen. He therefore could not ever be free (or any other slave) because he lacked the judicial grounds to bring the lawsuit. • How did the decision impact the Missouri Compromise? The court ruled that the Missouri Compromise (Band-Aid solution) and popular sovereignty were unconstitutional because they deprived slave owners of their “property”

11. Dred scott v. sandford 1857 • The Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) Supreme Court case proved to be a dividing point for the North and South • Chief Justice Roger Taney’s ruling that slaves had no legal rights as property AND gave slavery the protection of the US Constitution • He also ruled that Congress could not forbid slavery in any part of the territories.

12. John Brown: Martyr or Terrorist? • http://video.pbs.org/video/2298046123 • John Brown was God-fearing man and believed he was sent by God to help put an end to slavery. As an avid supporter of abolitionism, he was completely against slavery and thought it should be abolished using all means necessary, including violence. • John Brown felt slavery had continued for far too long in the US, and if it did not end soon, the wrath of God would rain down upon the United States. He and his sons led a raid on a federal weapons arsenal in Harper’s Ferry, VA (now modern day West Virginia) in 1859with the hopes of stealing the ammunition and giving it to slaves in order to incite an armed slave revolt. • His plan failed, and John Brown was captured by then US Army Colonel Robert E. Lee. John Brown was convicted of treason and hanged. Many Northerners saw him as a martyr, someone who dies for their beliefs, while the South viewed him as a terrorist, a person who uses violence to change society and or laws.

13. John Brown: Martyr or Terrorist? Examine this painting of John Brown. Describe what you see. Is John brown being depicted as a martyr or terrorist? Why?

14. John Brown: Martyr or Terrorist? What is a Terrorist? What is a modern day example of a terrorist? What did John Brown do to make people think he was a terrorist? What is your opinion? • What is a Martyr? • What is a modern day example of a martyr? • What did John Brown do to make people think he was a martyr? • What is your opinion?

15. 9a. John Brown’s Raid http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2940.html http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p1550.html Directions: Refer to the sample obituary and write an obituary for John Brown.

16. 9 b. President Lincoln’s ElectionRead and Answer the following questions Before the election of 1860, it was clear that Northerners would not accept a Southern president and vice versa At the Democratic Party convention in Charleston, the Northern and Southern delegates were unable to agree on a Presidential candidate – the divisive issue was slavery Southern delegates met separately and nominated John C. Breckinridge. Northern delegates nominated Stephen Douglas. Moderate southerners from border states (DE, MD, KY, MO) met to form their own party, the Constitutional Union Party, and nominated John Bell of TN The Republicans nominated Abraham Lincoln after rejecting their original candidate, William Seward, because they feared he was too extreme in his views on anti-slavery The election proved that North and South were completely divided – there were no national parties In the north, voters chose between Lincoln and Douglas In the south, voters chose between Breckinridge and Bell (Lincoln’s name didn’t even appear on many southern ballots) Lincoln won the election without winning a single electoral vote in the south

17. 9 b. President Lincoln’s Election In the election of 1860, what was the divisive issue? Who did the Southern delegates nominate? Who did the Northern delegates nominate? Who did the Moderate southerners from border states (DE, MD, KY, MO) nominate? What did they call themselves? Who did the Republicans nominate? Who was on the northern ballot? Who was on the southern ballot? Who wins the election? How many southern electoral votes did he receive?

18. Use the map to answer the questions. Which candidate won the majority of electoral votes in the southern states? Who won the election of 1860? 1860 Election Results

19. 9b CAUSE #7: Election of Lincoln 1860 • Lincoln was a _________ man in the South because they knew if elected, he would abolish ___________. • In the election of 1860, __________States felt they were bullied by the ________ when Lincoln was elected. They felt their voice in _____________ went unheard. • Not one ____________state voted for Lincoln, and after his election, plans for Southern ________begin taking shape.

20. 9b CAUSE #7: Election of Lincoln 1860 • Lincoln was a hated man in the South because they knew if elected, he would abolish slavery. • In the election of 1860, Southern States felt they were bullied by the North when Lincoln was elected. • Not one southern state voted for Lincoln, and after his election, plans for Southern succession begin taking shape.

21. 9 b. President Lincoln’s Election Directions: Create a political cartoon illustrating how the South felt about the election of Abraham Lincoln, the horrors of slavery or the coming demise of the US due to slavery. A POLITICAL RACE Published by Rickey, Mallory & Company, Cincinnati, 1860. Text from left to right: John Bell: Bless my soul I give up. John C. Breckinridge: That long legged Abolitionist is getting ahead of us after all. Stephen Douglas: I never run so in my life

22. The Civil War: Union vs. Confederacy Also known as the War Between the States and the War of Northern Aggression by the South

23. Confederate & Union Grey Blue

24. The first States secede

25. The first States secede http://www.history.com/topics/slavery/interactives/civil-war-150#/who-they-were

27. The war begins - the firing on Fort Sumter

28. Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861

29. Fort Sumter, SC

30. 9c Union & Confederate Leaders Graphic Organizer

31. 9c. Union Leaders: Ulysses S. Grant • His success in the western campaign and victories at Shiloh and Vicksburg led to his promotion to commander of all Union armies by Lincoln in March of 1864. • After his promotion, while he took on Robert E. Lee in Virginia—defeating him at Appomattox.

32. Union Leaders: William Tecumseh Sherman • He played an important role in Grant's victory of Vicksburg. • When Grant was given overall command, Sherman was given command of all of the Western Forces, amounting to over 100,000 men. • He went on to capture Atlanta. • He marched with his forces 80 KM wide, and used "scorch-earth tactics" during his famous march to the sea on November 16 to the December 22, 1864. His forces raped and pillaged the country side until the capture of Savannah

33. 9c. Confederate Leaders:Robert E. Lee • Perhaps the most brilliant military tactician in the war and his leadership of the Confederate Army. • His soldiers followed him dutifully until he was forced to surrender to Grant at Appomattox –with the Confederacy in full retreat.

34. 9c: Confederate Leaders: Stonewall Jackson • Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson was a brilliant field commander under Robert E. Lee for the Confederacy. He had taught military strategy at the Virginia Military Institute prior to the Civil War. • While out on patrol inspecting the front lines at Chancelorsville, Jackson left from one point and returned to his command at another—approaching from the front. He troops mistook his patrol for the enemy and fired—killing him.

35. 9c Confederate leaders: Jefferson Davis • Jefferson Davis was a graduate of West Point and served in the army before becoming a planter. He served as a Senator from Mississippi before resigning when Mississippi seceded from the Union. • He was elected President of the Confederacy. • Although he was initially successful in mobilizing the Confederacy for war—he was unable to maintain the balance of military necessity and political will to keep the Confederacy from collapsing

36. 9d Important battles of the Civil war

37. 9d Important Battles of the Civil War:Fort Sumter, SC 1861 • April 12-14, 1861 • Confederates ordered the Union soldiers to leave the Fort • Union soldiers refused • The Confederates refused to allow re-supply of the garrison via US Navy • Confederates fired the 1st shots when negotiations of Union surrender fell through • Confederates attacked and fired for a day and a half straight • The Civil War begins

38. 9b. Lincoln Suspends habeas Corpus • Habeas corpus, Latin for "you [shall] have the body," is the name of a legal action or writ by means of which detainees can seek relief from unlawful imprisonment. The Suspension Clause of the United State Constitution specifically included the English common law procedure in Article One, Section 9, clause 2, which demands that "The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it." • United States law affords persons the right to petition the federal courts for a writ of habeas corpus. Habeas corpus petitions are generally filed as pro se cases, and the government (state or federal) is usually ordered by the court to respond. Individual states also afford persons the ability to petition their own state court systems for habeas corpus pursuant to their respective constitutions and laws when held or sentenced by state authorities. • The privilege of habeas corpus is not a right against unlawful arrest, but rather a right to be released from imprisonment after such arrest. If one believes the arrest is without legal merit and subsequently refuses to come willingly, he still may be guilty of resisting arrest, which can sometimes be a crime in and of itself (even if the initial arrest itself was illegal) depending on the state. • On April 27, 1861, the writ of habeas corpus was suspended by President Abraham Lincoln in Maryland during the American Civil War. Lincoln did so in response to riots, local militia actions, and the threat that the border slave state of Maryland would secede from the Union, leaving the nation's capital, Washington Dc. surrounded by hostile territory. Lincoln chose to suspend the writ over a proposal to bombard Baltimore, favored by his General-in-Chief Winfield Scott.Lincoln was also motivated by requests by generals to set up military courts to rein in "Copperheads," or Peace Democrats, and those in the Union who supported the Confederate cause. Congress was not yet in session to consider a suspension of the writs. • His action was challenged in court and overturned by the U.S. Circuit Court in Maryland (led by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, Roger B. Taney) in Ex Parte Merryman.]Lincoln ignored Taney's order.

39. 9b. Lincoln declares martial law & Suspends habeas Corpus • What does habeas corpus translate to literally?? • What language is habeas corpus? • What does habeas corpus protect a citizen against? • Where is this right outlined in the US government? • Why did Lincoln suspend this right granted in the Constitution?

40. 9d Important Battles of the Civil War:Battle at Antietam • September 17, 1862 • General Lee’s attempt to fight in the North • Bloodiest 1 day Battle of the Civil War • Lee retreated back to the south • Over 23,000 men died

41. 9e Emancipation Proclamation: 1-1-1863 • During the course of the war, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation —freeing slaves in the states that had already seceded from the Union (it did not apply to slaves in border states). This caused many slaves to join Union Armies in Confederate states under attack and diverted more resources from the Confederate War effort to recapture fleeing slaves. Assignment: Read the Emancipation Proclamation and answer the questions.

42. Gettysburg: the bloodiest 3 days of the Civil war

43. 9d Important Battles of the Civil War: Battle of Gettysburg July 1-3, 1863 • At the same time as the siege of Vicksburg was coming to a close, the 3 day battle of Gettysburg was fought in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. • This proved to be the most decisive battle of the Civil War and also the costliest. Known as the turning point of the war. • Casualties totaled 23,000 for the Union and 28,000 for the Confederacy. • The most famous maneuver of the battle was a suicide charge ordered by Lee and under the command of General Pickett. “Pickett’s Charge” resulted in Confederate soldiers being slaughtered in an open field charge into heavy gun and artillery fire.

44. Gettysburg – the turning point • Gettysburg is the largest battle in the history of the Western hemisphere. • Over 50,000 soldiers died in 3 days. • It was the last time the South invaded the North. • So many men died, the battlefield had to be dedicated as a cemetery

45. Gettysburg Address 1863 • that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. - Abe Lincoln Assignment: Read Aloud The Gettysburg Address and essential questions.

46. 9d Vicksburg May 18- July 4

47. Siege of Vicksburg Reading Comprehension • The Siege of Vicksburg(May 18 – July 4, 1863) was the final major military action in the Vicksburg Campaign of the American Civil War. In a series of maneuvers, UnionMaj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant and his Army of the Tennesseecrossed the Mississippi River and drove the Confederate army of Lt. Gen. John C. Pemberton into the defensive lines surrounding the fortress city of Vicksburg, Mississippi. • When two major assaults (May 19 and May 22, 1863) against the Confederate fortifications were repulsed with heavy casualties, Grant decided to besiege (the act or process of surrounding and attacking a fortified place in such a way as to isolate it from help and supplies) the city beginning on May 25. With no reinforcement, supplies nearly gone, and after holding out for more than forty days, the garrison finally surrendered on July 4. • The Confederate surrender following the siege at Vicksburg is sometimes considered, when combined with Gen. Robert E. Lee's defeat at Gettysburg the previous day, the turning point of the war. It also cut off communication with Confederate forces in the Trans-Mississippi Department for the remainder of the war. The city of Vicksburg would not celebrate Independence Day for about eighty years as a result of the siege and surrender. This Union victory splits the confederacy in 2 making it a 2 front war for the ill supplied South. • What is a siege? • How did the Union defeat the Confederacy? • What was the detrimental outcome of this battle for the Confederacy? • What is the Battle of Vicksburg considered?

48. 9d Important Battles of the Civil War: Battle of Atlanta • May 2 – Sept. 7, 1864 • The Battle of Atlanta was a long campaign for the control of Georgia by Union General William Tecumseh Sherman. • It began with a surging victory out of Tennessee at Lookout Mountain in November of 1863. Union forces pushed the Confederate Army back to Atlanta in September of 1864 and then began a “March to the Sea” to Savannah

49. Sherman was victorious, and Hood established a reputation as the most recklessly aggressive general in the Confederate Army. • Casualties for the campaign were roughly equal in absolute numbers: 31,687 Union (4,423 killed, 22,822 wounded, 4,442 missing/captured) and 34,979 Confederate (3,044 killed, 18,952 wounded, 12,983 missing/captured). But this represented a much higher Confederate proportional loss. Hood's army left the area with approximately 30,000 men, whereas Sherman retained 81,000. • Sherman's victory was qualified because it did not fulfill the original mission of the campaign—destroy the Army of Tennessee—and Sherman has been criticized for allowing his opponent to escape. • However, the capture of Atlanta made an enormous contribution to Northern morale and was an important factor in the re-election of PresidentAbraham Lincoln. Battle of Atlanta

50. Battle of Atlanta Essential Questions • Who were the Opposing Generals? • Did Sherman destroy the Confederate army of Tennessee? • What kinds of destruction did Sherman inflict? • After Sherman takes Atlanta, what does his army continue to do? • What was the March to the Sea? • What city was spared? • After Sherman marches through Georgia, what state does he move into?