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Networking and Internetworking

Networking and Internetworking. Jenhui Chen Assistant Professor http://www.csie.cgu.edu.tw/jhchen. Networking issues for DS. Performance Latency Data transfer rate Scalability Reliability Security Firewall Mobility Quality of service Multicasting. Types of Network (1/2).

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Networking and Internetworking

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  1. Networking and Internetworking Jenhui Chen Assistant Professor http://www.csie.cgu.edu.tw/jhchen

  2. Networking issues for DS • Performance • Latency • Data transfer rate • Scalability • Reliability • Security • Firewall • Mobility • Quality of service • Multicasting

  3. Types of Network (1/2) • Local Area Networks (LANs) • Wide Area Networks (WANs) • Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs) • Wireless Networks • Internetworks • Network Comparisons • See the following table

  4. Types of Network (2/2) Range Bandwidth (Mbps) Latency (ms) LAN 1-2 kms 10-1000 1-10 WAN worldwide 0.010-600 100-500 MAN 2-50 kms 1-150 10 Wireless LAN 0.15-1.5 km 2-11 5-20 Wireless WAN worldwide 0.010-2 100-500 Internet worldwide 0.010-2 100-500

  5. Network Principles • Packet Transmission • Data Streaming • Switching Schemes • Broadcast • Ethernet, wireless networks • Circuit Switching • Packet Switching • Store-and-forward network • Frame Relay • Brings some of the advantages of circuit switching to packet-switching networks • Protocols

  6. Conceptual layering of protocol software Message received Message sent Layer n Layer 2 Layer 1 Communication Sender Recipient medium

  7. Encapsulation as it is applied in layered protocols Protocol layers

  8. Protocol layers in the ISO Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model

  9. Layer Description Examples Application Protocols that are designed to meet the communication requirements of FTP HTTP, , SMTP, specific applications, often defining the interface to a service. CORBA IIOP Presentation Protocols at this level transmit data in a network representation that is Secure Sockets independent of the representations used in individual computers, which may ( SSL),CORBA Data differ. Encryption is also performed in this layer, if required. Rep. Session At this level reliability and adaptation are performed, such as detection of failures and automatic recovery. Transport This is the lowest level at which messages (rather than packets) are handled. TCP, UDP Messages are addressed to communication ports attached to processes, Protocols in this layer may be connection-oriented or connectionless. Network Transfers data packets between computers in a specific network. In a WAN IP, ATM virtual or an internetwork this involves the generation of a route passing through circuits routers. In a single LAN no routing is required. Data link Responsible for transmission of packets between nodes that are directly Ethernet MAC, connected by a physical link. In a WAN transmission is between pairs of ATM cell transfer, routers or between routers and hosts. In a LAN it is between any pair of hosts. PPP Physical The circuits and hardware that drive the network. It transmits sequences of Ethernet base- band binary data by analogue signalling, using amplitude or frequency modulation signalling, ISDN of electrical signals (on cable circuits), light signals (on fibre optic circuits) or other electromagnetic signals (on radio and microwave circuits). OSI protocol summary

  10. Internetwork layers

  11. A 1 B 2 Hosts Links 4 3 or local C networks 5 D 6 E Routers Routing in a wide area network

  12. Routings from A Routings from B Routings from C To Link Cost To Link Cost To Link Cost A local 0 A 1 1 A 2 2 B 1 1 B local 0 B 2 1 C 1 2 C 2 1 C local 0 D 3 1 D 1 2 D 5 2 E 1 2 E 4 1 E 5 1 Routings from D Routings from E To Link Cost To Link Cost A 3 1 A 4 2 B 3 2 B 4 1 C 6 2 C 5 1 D local 0 D 6 1 E 6 1 E local 0 Routing tables for the network in Figure 3.7

  13. Pseudo-code for RIP routing algorithm • Send: Each t seconds or when Tl changes, send Tl on each non-faulty outgoing link. • Receive: Whenever a routing table Tr is received on link n: • for all rows Rr in Tr { • if (Rr.link | n) { • Rr.cost = Rr.cost + 1; • Rr.link = n; • if (Rr.destination is not in Tl) add Rr to Tl; • // add new destination to Tl • else for all rows Rl in Tl { • if (Rr.destination = Rl.destination and • (Rr.cost < Rl.cost or Rl.link = n)) Rl = Rr; • //Rr.cost < Rl.cost : remote node has better route • // Rl.link = n : remote node is more authoritative • } • } • }

  14. Internetworking • Routers • Bridges • Hubs • Switchs • Switches perform a similar function to routers, but for local networks (normally Ethernet) only. • Tunnelling

  15. router/ 138.37.95.240/29 138.37.95.241 Campus firewall subnet router hammer Staff subnet Student subnet 138.37.88.251 138.37.94.251 138.37.88 138.37.94 compute file server/ Eswitch Eswitch server gateway bruno 138.37.88.249 custard printers 138.37.94.246 dialup server % henry 138.37.88.230 other servers file server hotpoint 138.37.88.162 web server copper 138.37.88.248 hub hub desktop computers desktop computers 138.37.88.xx 138.37.94.xx sickle Campus 138.37.95.248/29 100 Mbps Ethernet router/ router subnet 138.37.95.249 firewall 1000 Mbps Ethernet Eswitch: Ethernet switch Simplified view of the QMW Computer Science network

  16. IPv6 encapsulated in IPv4 packets IPv4 network IPv6 IPv6 A B Encapsulators Tunnelling for IPv6 migration

  17. Message Layers Application Messages (UDP) or Streams (TCP) Transport UDP or TCP packets Internet IP datagrams Network interface Network-specific frames Underlying network TCP/IP layers

  18. Application message port TCP header TCP IP header Ethernet header IP Ethernet frame Encapsulation in a message transmitted via TCP over an Ethernet

  19. The programmer's conceptual view of a TCP/IP Internet

  20. Internet address structure, showing field sizes in bits

  21. Decimal representation of Internet addresses

  22. IP packet layout

  23. IPv6 header layout

  24. IPv6 embodies • Address space: 128 bits (16 bytes) • Routing speed • Real-time and other special services • Future evolution • Multicast and anycast • Security

  25. The Mobile IP routing mechanism Sender Subsequent IP packets Mobile host MH tunnelled to FA Address of FA returned to sender First IP packet addressed to MH Internet Foreign agent FA Home First IP packet agent tunnelled to FA

  26. TCP and UDP • Use of ports • UDP features • TCP features • Sequencing • Flow control • Retransmission • Buffering

  27. Firewall • Service control • Behavior control

  28. Firewall configurations

  29. IEEE No. Title Reference 802.3 CSMA/CD Networks (Ethernet) [IEEE 1985a] 802.4 Token Bus Networks [IEEE 1985b] 802.5 Token Ring Networks [IEEE 1985c] 802.6 Metropolitan Area Networks [IEEE 1994] 802.11 Wireless Local Area Networks [IEEE 1999] IEEE 802 network standards

  30. Wireless LAN configuration

  31. ATM protocol layers

  32. ATM cell layout

  33. Switching virtual paths in an ATM network

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