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First World War

First World War. Causes Increased militarism – arms race Alliance system Russia, Serbia, Britain, France, Japan Germany, Austria-Hungary New imperialism Arms race Pan-Slavism – Russian belief in protecting Slavic descendants Balkan Nationalism

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First World War

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  1. First World War • Causes • Increased militarism – arms race • Alliance system • Russia, Serbia, Britain, France, Japan • Germany, Austria-Hungary • New imperialism • Arms race • Pan-Slavism – Russian belief in protecting Slavic descendants • Balkan Nationalism • Assassination of Franz Ferdinand – heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary

  2. First World War • War begins June of 1914 with assassination • U.S. enters the war in April of 1917 • Submarine warfare • Zimmermann telegram “note” • Considered first “modern” war • Use of new technology • Airplane, tank, machine guns • Poison gas • Trench warfare

  3. Trench Warfare

  4. Treaty of Versailles • Armistice on November 11, 1918 • Paris Peace Conference • January – June of 1919 • Woodrow Wilson – U.S. • 14 Points – League of Nations, no secret alliances, freedom of seas • David Lloyd George – Great Britain • Georges Clemenceau - France • Results in the Treaty of Versailles • German Reparations to Allies • Reduction of German military • League of Nations created • U.S. does not ratify the treaty, or join League of Nations

  5. Inter-War Period • Period of time between end of World War One and beginning of World War Two • Russian Revolution - 1917 • Rise of totalitarian leaders – Hitler, Stalin, Mussolini • Europe – Depression • U.S. – Roaring ’20’s, Great Depression begins in October 1929 • Rise of consumerism

  6. Ottoman Empire • Lost remaining land in World War One. • Mustafa Kemal – Ataturk – led successful military campaigns against nationalist uprisings, overthrew Ottoman sultan. • 1923 – established modern Turkey • Ataturk – secularization and westernization • Ataturk is opposed by religious forces, who view his changes as a removal of Islamic influence.

  7. Russian Revolution - 1917 • February 1917 – Czar Nicholas abdicated. • Provisional Government – Alexander Kerensky – natural rights, goal was to form a liberal democracy. • November 1917 – Communist Revolution, led by Vladimir Lenin.

  8. Russian Revolution - 1917 • Bolshevik Party – Lenin and Trotsky • Peace, Land and Bread – directly addresses the needs of peasants • March 1918 – Signed Treaty of Brest-Litovsk – ceded a huge piece of western Russia to Germany. • Russia out of World War One.

  9. Russian Revolution - 1917 • Civil War -1918-1921 – Reds vs. Whites • Red Army – led by Lenin • Communist Victory • Established U.S.S.R. (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics).

  10. Soviet Union • New Economic Policy - Lenin • Lenin dies in 1924, replaced by Stalin • Stalin • 5 Year Plans • Collectivization • Industrialization • Secret police, “Great Purge” – 1936-38

  11. Great Depression • U.S. major source of credit to European nations • France and Germany rely on American credit • Germany – financial obligations due to reparation payments • U.S. stock market crash – October 1929 – quickly became international depression due to credit • Unemployment, famine, public works decline

  12. Great Depression - Fascism • Fascism • Unified • Destroy individual will in favor of the “people” • Not concerned with elimination of private property, or class distinctions. (Communism) • Pursued policy of extreme nationalism – based on racial identity

  13. Italy • Benito Mussolini – National Fascist Party – 1919 • 1921 – Fascists in parliament • Mussolini named prime minister • Decline in economy – Italy demoralized – turn to “strong leader” Mussolini • Mussolini – 1922 take over Parliament • Focus on expansion (North Africa)

  14. Germany - Hitler • Weimar Republic – post WWI German government • National Socialist Party (Nazi) rose to power in the 1920’s – depression • Depression  dissatisfaction with Weimar Republic  Nazi party elected to Reichstag • 1933 – Hitler chancellor – takes control of government, established 3rd Reich

  15. Japan • 1920’s focused on internal developments • 1931 – Japanese invasion of Manchuria • Withdrew from League of Nations • 1937 – invaded China – “Rape of Nanking”

  16. World War Two • European leaders follow a policy of appeasement towards Hitler • Munich Conference – 1938 • German invasion of Poland - September 1939 • German, Japan, Italy – Axis • Great Britain, France, Russia, • U.S. (1941) - Allies

  17. World War Two • European Theater of Operations • Pacific Theater of Operations • U.S. joins the war in December of 1941 – Pearl Harbor • May 1945 – Victory in Europe • August 1945 – Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki • War ends in Japan following atomic bombs, war is officially over • Both Germany and Japan surrender, no peace treaty is necessary

  18. World War Two - Outcomes • Holocaust – as many as 6 million Jews killed, 6 million Poles, Slavs, Homosexuals, Disabled as well. • Allied occupation of Germany. • Marshall Plan and Truman Doctrine. • Occupation of Japan. • Women’s roles – continue in workplace • Creation of the United Nations

  19. Cold War • Following World War Two, nuclear competition between the United States and Soviet Union • Berlin Airlift – 1948 • Bay of Pigs – 1961 • Berlin Wall - 1961 • Cuban Missile Crisis – 1962 • Détente – 1970’s • Reagan and Gorbachev 1980’s • Gorbachev – Glasnost and Perestroika

  20. Cold War • Soviet Bloc – Soviet controlled Eastern European countries • Western Bloc – Western European countries • Containment • NATO vs. Warsaw Pact • Iron Curtain

  21. Cold War - China • 1949 – Mao and the Communists establish the People’s Republic of China • Mao • Great Leap Forward – 1958 – huge communes developed  famine • Cultural Revolution – 1966 – shut down universities, elite sent to work on communes, purges • Little Red Book • Red Guards

  22. Cold War - China • Deng Xiaoping – 1976 • Limited business and property ownership • 4 Modernizations – changes to the economy • Elements of capitalist changes • Government remains Communist, totalitarian • 1989 – Tiananmen Square massacre

  23. Cold War - Korea • 1948 – Korea divided along the 38th Parallel • June 1950 – North Korea invades South Korea • U.N. forces (including U.S.) went to assist South Korea • June 1953 - Armistice

  24. Cold War - Vietnam • 1954 – Vietnam split • Ho Chi Minh – communist leader • Ngo Dihn Diem – leader of South • North Vietnam sought to unify Vietnam under a communist government • U.S. and France assist South Vietnam • French withdrawal in 1954 • U.S. involvement 1965-1973

  25. Cold War - Cuba • 1939-1959 – Fulgencio Batista – dictator of Cuba – supported by the U.S. • 1956 – Peasant rebellion led by Fidel Castro – 1959, Batista fled • Castro – communist government • Executed rivals • Nationalized industries • Bay of Pigs – 1961 – failed U.S. overthrow • Cuban Missile Crisis – 1962 – removal of Soviet missiles from Cuba, U.S. pledge not to invade

  26. Cold War – Latin America • U.S. Good Neighbor Policy – 1930’s – FDR • U.S. pledge to avoid intervention in Latin America • Increased U.S. involvement in Latin America during the Cold War

  27. Cold War - Europe • Western Europe – Standard of Living increases, decreases in Eastern Europe – connection to U.S.S.R. • Poland – Lech Walesa – Solidarity – 1980’s – 1989 – free elections • Germany – Berlin Wall torn down 1989, reunified 1990

  28. Collapse of the Soviet Union • 1985 – Gorbachev • Glasnost – Openness • Perestroika – Economic restructuring • Rising nationalism in areas of Soviet control • Nuclear arms agreements with President Reagan • 1991 – Soviet Union break up  Russian Federation • 1993 – Constitution • Boris Yeltsin first president

  29. Decolonization - India • Indian National Congress – 1885 • Muslim League - 1906 • Amritsar Massacre – 1919 • British slaughter of Hindus and Muslims during peaceful protest • 1920’s Gandhi • Passive resistance • Civil disobedience • Salt march • Calls for Indian unity • Independence and Partition - 1947

  30. Decolonization - Africa • Following World War II, African nations begin to gain independence. • Northern Africa gains independence first. • 1950’s – Egypt – Gamal Abdul Nasser – republic • South of Sahara – independence movements more difficult due to a lack of resources • Civil Wars, ethnic tensions plagued the African continent • African Union • Rwanda – Tutsi (15%) vs. Hutu (85%) – 1994 Rwandan genocide – against Tutsi • South Africa – Apartheid • 1950’s Nelson Mandela • African National Congress • Sharpeville Massacre – 1960 – protests against pass system – 67 protesters killed • Mandela imprisoned for protests – released in 1990, end of apartheid • 1994 – first free elections, Mandela becomes president

  31. Decolonization – Middle East • Zionist movement – Jewish nationalism • 1917 – Balfour Declaration – Jewish homeland in Palestine, no displacement of Palestinians • 1948 Israel created – Jewish homeland, Palestine – Muslim • 1948 Arab-Israeli War • 1967 – 6 Days War • 1977 – Camp David Accords • Formation of Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) – dedicated to reclaiming Palestinian territory

  32. Iranian Revolution • Reza Shah Pahlavi – 1925 – westernization (similar to Meiji) • Land reform, education, rights of women improved (voting) • Western careers, clothing • Pahlavi – violent put downs of rebellion • 1979 – Iranian Revolution – led by Ayatollah Khomeini – Iran becomes a theocracy • Westernization ended, women required to wear traditional Islamic clothing, Koran became basis of legal system (sharia) • Iran-Iraq War 1980-1988

  33. Oil • Source of fuel for Western nations • 2/3 of resources in Middle East • 1960 – OPEC • Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

  34. Globalization • International terrorism increased • Persian Gulf • 1990 – Iraq invaded Kuwait, sought greater control of oil reserves • 1991 – United Nations (U.S.) began to drive Iraq out of Kuwait • April 2003 – invasion of Iraq to drive Saddam Hussein from power

  35. Afghanistan • Taliban Regime – 1996 • Government imposed Islamic law • Restrictions on women • Safe haven for terrorist organizations – Al Qaeda and Osama Bin Laden • Attacks of September 11, 2001 • U.S. invades Afghanistan, removes Taliban from power

  36. Trade • NAFTA – 1990’s • European Union – Euro • Designed to provide economic competition by banding Europe together as a single market

  37. Trade • China • Imports • Industry • Construction • Rise of the middle class • Communists maintain government control

  38. Trade • India • Computer • Technology • Telemarketing center • Cheap source of labor

  39. Trade • International Monetary Fund (IMF) • World Bank • G-8 – U.S., Great Britain, Germany, Italy, Japan, Poland, Canada, Russia

  40. Environment and Technology • Deforestation, desertification • Pollution and global warming • Oil • Rise of the computer and internet • Increased communication systems

  41. Role of Women • Right to vote in most areas • Enter workforce – equal pay? • Changes to family structure • Birth rates drop • Divorce rate increases

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