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Unit Topics

Human Anatomy and Physiology Unit V Gas-Exchange, Absorption, and Excretion Part 1 The Respiratory System. Unit Topics. Resources. Your textbook – Chapter 23 Your lab manual – Exercise 32 and 33. Part 1 Respiratory System Part 2 Urinary System Part 3 Fluid, Electrolyte, and pH Balance

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Unit Topics

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  1. Human Anatomy and PhysiologyUnit VGas-Exchange, Absorption, and ExcretionPart 1The Respiratory System

  2. Unit Topics Resources Your textbook – Chapter 23 Your lab manual – Exercise 32 and 33 Part 1 Respiratory System Part 2 Urinary System Part 3 Fluid, Electrolyte, and pH Balance Part 4 Digestive System Part 5 Immunity

  3. Respiratory System Topics Anatomy of the Respiratory System Pulmonary Ventilation Lung Volumes and Capacities Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Exchange Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport Control of Respiration

  4. Introduction • The respiratory system consists of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs • Otorhinolaryngology • (ENT) • Pulmonologist 2. The respiratory system has three main functions: • Gas exchange, pH regulation, and Sound production

  5. Introduction 3. The cardiovascular and respiratory systems cooperate to supply O2to and eliminate CO2from body tissues. Respiration, the process of gas exchange in the body, has three basic steps: ventilation, external respiration, and internal respiration The medulla oblongata and pons regulate ventilation

  6. Respiratory System Topics Anatomy of the Respiratory System Pulmonary Ventilation Lung Volumes and Capacities Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Exchange Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport Control of Respiration

  7. Figure 23.1 Structures of the Respiratory System Nose Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Right primary bronchus Lungs

  8. Respiratory System Anatomy

  9. Figure 23.1 Structures of the Respiratory System Trachea Trachea Phrenic nerve Left lung Right lung Diaphragm

  10. Figure 23.2 Head and Neck Respiratory Structures Bony framework: Frontal bone Nasal bones Maxilla Cartilaginous framework: Lateral nasal cartilages Septal cartilage Alar cartilage Dense fibrous connective and adipose tissue

  11. Figure 23.2 Head and Neck Respiratory Structures Superior Nasal meatuses Middle Inferior Olfactory epithelium Superior Nasal conchae Internal naris Middle Inferior Nasal vestibule External naris Tongue

  12. Nasal Cavity Function

  13. Pharynx • Funnel-shaped tube • Connects nose and mouth with esophagus and trachea • Composed of skeletal muscle lined with mucous membrane

  14. Pharynx

  15. Figure 23.2 Head and Neck Respiratory Structures Internal naris NASOPHARYNX Opening of auditory tube Oral cavity Uvula Tongue Soft palate Fauces OROPHARYNX Epiglottis Regions of the pharynx LARYNGOPHARYNX Esophagus Nasopharynx Larynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx

  16. Pharynx Functions

  17. Larynx Fig 23.4 • Connects pharynx with trachea. Epiglottis Hyoid bone Epiglottis: Leaf Stem Corniculate cartilage Thyroid cartilage Arytenoid cartilage Cricoid cartilage Tracheal cartilage (a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view

  18. Larynx

  19. Larynx

  20. Larynx

  21. Figure 23.4 The Larynx Thyrohyoid membrane Cricothyroid ligament Cricotracheal ligament (a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view

  22. Figure 23.4 The Larynx Ventricular fold Laryngeal sinus

  23. Figure 23.4 The Larynx Cavity of larynx Epiglottic cartilage Hyoid bone Vestibule of larynx Vestibular fold Rima vestibuli Vocal fold Laryngeal sinus Vocalis muscle Thyroid cartilage Rima glottidis Cricoid cartilage Cavity of larynx Trachea (d) Frontal section

  24. Figure 23.5 Vocal Fold Movement Thyroid cartilage Epiglottis Glottis: Cricoid cartilage Vocal folds (true vocal cords) Vocal fold Rima glottidis Ventricular folds (false vocal cords) Arytenoid cartilage Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle (a) Movement of vocal folds apart (abduction) Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle (b) Movement of vocal folds together (adduction)

  25. View Figure 23.5 Vocal Fold Movement Larynx Epiglottis Vocal folds (true vocal cords) Rima glottidis Ventricular folds (false vocal cords) (c) Superior view

  26. Next slides are learned in lab

  27. Trachea • Anterior to esophagus • Extends from larynx to T5 vertebra • Divides into two primary bronchi

  28. Figure 23.6 Trachea VS Esophagus Esophagus Trachea ANTERIOR Transverse plane Cartilage of trachea Fibromuscular membrane of trachea (contains trachealis muscle) Esophagus POSTERIOR

  29. Trachea

  30. Bronchi • Bronchial tree begins at trachea and ends at terminal bronchioles • Carina divides into right and left primary bronchi • Right primary bronchus is more vertical and wider than the left primary bronchus

  31. Bronchi

  32. Bronchi • Gradual change from pseudostratified epitheliumto simple cuboidal epithelium • Gradual decrease in amount of cartilage • Gradual increase in smooth muscle

  33. Figure 23.7 Bronchial Tree BRANCHING OF BRONCHIAL TREE Larynx Trachea Trachea Primary bronchi Secondary bronchi Tertiary bronchi Bronchioles Terminal bronchioles Primary bronchus Secondary bronchus Tertiary bronchus Bronchiole Terminal bronchiole Diaphragm

  34. Lungs • Paired organs in thoracic cavity • Extend from diaphragm to just slightly superior to the clavicles • Lie against ribs anteriorly and posteriorly • Enclosed and protected by double-layered pleural membrane • Parietal pleura - outer layer attached to thoracic wall • Visceral pleura - inner layer covering lungs • Pleural cavity between pleurae; contains serous lubricating fluid

  35. First rib Figure 23.9 Lung Anatomy Apex of lung Left lung Base of lung Pleural cavity Pleura

  36. Lobes, Fissures, and Lobules Left lung Right lung Superior, middle and inferior lobes, separated by oblique and horizontal fissure 10 bronchopulmonary segments • Superior and inferior lobes separated by oblique fissure. • 8 bronchopulmonary segments

  37. Lobes, Fissures, and Lobules

  38. Figure 23.9 Lung Anatomy View (b) View (c) Apex Superior lobe ANTERIOR Horizontal fissure Oblique fissure Oblique fissure Cardiac notch Inferior lobe Inferior lobe Middle lobe POSTERIOR POSTERIOR Base (b) Lateral view of right lung (c) Lateral view of left lung

  39. Figure 23.9 Lung Anatomy View (d) View (e) Apex Superior lobe Oblique fissure POSTERIOR Hilum and its contents (root) Horizontal fissure Inferior lobe Cardiac notch Oblique fissure Middle lobe ANTERIOR ANTERIOR Base (d) Medial view of right lung (e) Medial view of left lung

  40. Lobes, Fissures, and Lobules • Each bronchopulmonary segment is divided into many lobules • Each lobule is wrapped in elastic connective tissue and contains a lymphatic vessel, an arteriole, a venule, and a branch from a terminal bronchiole called a respiratory bronchiole. • Respiratory bronchioles open into alveolar ducts, each of which lead into 2 or more alveolar sacs.

  41. Figure 23.10 Lung Lobule Anatomy

  42. Alveoli • About 300 million alveolar sacs in a normal lung • Gas exchange occurs across alveolar-capillary respiratory membrane • Type I alveolar cells - squamous epithelial cells; tight junctions prevent fluid leakage into alveolar air spaces • Type II alveolar cells - secrete alveolar fluid; keeps alveolar cells moist and contains surfactant; Surfactant lowers alveolar fluid surface tension • Alveolar macrophages - remove fine dust particles and debris from alveolus

  43. Figure 23.11 Alveolus Anatomy

  44. Blood Supply to the lungs • Lungs have a double blood supply • Blood enters lungs via pulmonary arteries (pulmonary circulation) and bronchial arteries (systemic circulation) • Most blood leaves by pulmonary veins; some drains into bronchial veins • Ventilation-perfusion coupling - vasoconstriction in response to hypoxia diverts pulmonary blood from poorly ventilated areas to well ventilated areas

  45. Respiratory System Topics Anatomy of the Respiratory System Pulmonary Ventilation Lung Volumes and Capacities Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Exchange Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport Control of Respiration

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