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Personal Fitness 10

Personal Fitness 10. Musculoskeletal System Notes HCS1050. Anatomical, Directional & Regional Terms. Skeletal System Functions. Support soft tissues & provide attachment sites for muscles Movement at joints when muscles are contracted Protects organs (e.g., skull encases brain)

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Personal Fitness 10

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  1. Personal Fitness 10 Musculoskeletal System Notes HCS1050

  2. Anatomical, Directional & Regional Terms

  3. Skeletal System Functions • Support soft tissues & provide attachment sites for muscles • Movement at joints when muscles are contracted • Protects organs (e.g., skull encases brain) • Stores calcium, phosphorous, fat, sodium & other minerals • Production of blood cells

  4. Bones • Continuously being remodeled via osteoclasts & osteoblasts • Osteoclasts break down bone • Osteoblasts build bone “When bone is subjected to stress, more tissue is created (bone density increases)”

  5. Joints of the body & Planes of Movement • Fibrous Joints • Cartilaginous Joints • Synovial Joints • Joint movement occurs within 3 planes of motion • Sagittal • Frontal • Transverse

  6. Sagittal Plane

  7. Frontal Plane

  8. Transverse Plane

  9. Proprioception • The sense of knowing where the body is in relation to its various segments and the external environment. • Receptors in the skin, in and around the joints and muscles, and in the inner ear transmit the information

  10. Types of Muscles • Skeletal • Attaches to the skeleton via tendons, contracts to move bones • Voluntary • Striated appearance • Smooth • Found on walls of hollow organs (stomach, blood vessels) • Involuntary & smooth • Cardiac • Forms the walls of the heart • Involuntary & smooth

  11. Skeletal Muscle Fiber Types (Slow Twitch) • Slow-twitch muscle fibers • Also called Oxidative or Type 1 muscle fibers • Contract more slowly • Have lower force outputs • More efficient • More fatigue resistance

  12. Fast Twitch Muscle Fibers • Two types of Fast-twitch muscle fibers • Fast-oxidative glycolytic (Type IIa) fibers • Possess speed, fatigue and force production somewhere between Type I and Type IIx • For this reason, type IIa are also called intermediate fibers • Fast-glycolytic (Type IIx) fibers • Limited capacity for aerobic metabolism • Fatigue the fastest of the 3 types • Considerable anaerobic capacity • Largest and fastest • Capable of producing the most force of all skeletal muscle fiber types

  13. Two Muscle Proteins & Connective Tissue • Actin • Thin myofilament muscle protein • Myosin • Thick myofilament muscle protein • Connective Tissue • Tendons connect muscle to bone • Ligaments connect bone to bone

  14. Muscle Fiber Microanatomy • Skeletal muscle are made up of many muscle fibers • Muscle fibers are made up of myofibrils (protein filaments) composed of a series of repeating segments called sarcomeres • Sarcomeres, made up of thick (myosin) and thin (actin) myofilaments, are the functional contracting unit of skeletal muscle

  15. Sliding Filament Theory of Muscle Contraction • Acetylcholine is released from the CNS • Once detected, calcium is released • Calcium exposes binding sites along the actin for the myosin to attach to • Cross bridges are formed & the myosin pulls the actin toward the center thereby shortening the sarcomere and the muscle fiber itself • If multiple muscle fibers are stimulated to contract at the same time, the muscle will try to actively shorten by contracting

  16. Sliding Filament Model

  17. Sliding Filament Theory

  18. Factors that Impact Flexibility • Soft tissues contribute to the total resistance of joints as follows (we can impact these by stretching): • Joint capsule: 47% • Muscle fascia: 41% • Tendons: 10% • Skin: 2% • Other factors that impact flexibility include (we can minimize these by working on flexibility): • Age • Gender • Joint structure and past injury

  19. Human Skeleton Skull Mandible (Jaw) Clavicle (Collarbone) Sternum Humorous Ribs Vertebrae Pelvis Radius Ulna Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Femur Patella (Kneecap) Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges

  20. Muscles of the Body

  21. The Shoulder Girdle Upper Trapezius Levator Scapulae Rhomboid Minor Rhomboid Major Middle Trapezius Serratus Anterior Lower Trapezius

  22. Muscles that act at the Shoulder Girdle

  23. The Rotator Cuff Glenohumeral joint Greater Tubercle Lesser Tubercle Subscapularis Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres Minor

  24. The Shoulder Posterior Deltoid Pectoralis Major Middle Deltoid LatissimusDorsi Medial Deltoid Posterior Deltoid Anterior Deltoid Pecs (Clavicular) Pecs (Sternal) Anterior View Lateral View Posterior View

  25. Muscles that act at the Shoulder

  26. The Elbow Anterior View Posterior View

  27. Muscles that act at the Elbow

  28. The Wrist

  29. Muscles that act at the Wrist

  30. The Trunk External Abdominal Oblique Internal Abdominal Oblique Pectoralis Major Rectus Abdominal Transverse Abdominis Tendinous Transcriptions

  31. The Lower Back Longissimus Spinalis Iliocostalis

  32. Muscle that act on the Trunk

  33. Hip Extensors Gluteus Maximus Gluteus Medius Semitendonosus Biceps Femorus Semimembranosus Illiotibial Band

  34. Muscles that act at the Hip Joint

  35. Hip Flexors and Quadriceps Group Vastus Lateralis Vastus Lateralis Rectus Femorus Vastus Intermedialis Vastus Medialis Vastus Medialis

  36. Muscles that act at the Hip Joint

  37. Muscles that act at the Knee Joint

  38. The Calves Gastrocnemius Soleus Achiles Tendon

  39. Muscles that act at the Ankle Joint

  40. Four Types of Postural Alignment Ideal Kyphosis Flat Back Sway Back

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