Kaileigh Sweeney, SN University of Rhode Island Mentor: Carolyn Hames

1. Understanding Kaileigh Sweeney, SN University of Rhode Island Mentor: Carolyn Hames

2. Autism Facts: • 1/110 children in the US are diagnosed with an Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) • More common than childhood cancer, juvenile diabetes, and pediatric AIDs combined • Prevalence increasing 10-17% annually • More common in boys

3. Prevalence

4. What is autism? • A general term used to describe a group of developmental disorders called Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD). • Wide spectrum of disorders • Mild to severe impairments • Low functioning to high functioning • Controversial terminology

5. Autism Spectrum Disorders Also known as:

6. What is “low functioning?” • Severe end of the spectrum • Extensive impairments in all areas of development • Little or no language • Little awareness • “autism symptoms” are visibly apparent

7. What is “high functioning?” • Mild end of the spectrum • Intelligence level average or above average • Impaired social skills • Desire to communicate • “don’t know how to go about it”

8. Causes: • Idiopathic: • Multiple theories: • Genetics • Heredity • Inflammation of CNS • Exposure • Environmental: maternal rubella or cytomegalovirus • Chemical: thalidomide or valproate during pregnancy • NOT CAUSED BY BAD PARENTING!

9. Diagnosis of an autism spectrum disorder • Early Diagnoses promote positive outcome • Symptoms noticed typically when child is 24-48 months • No medical test • Observed behavior • Educational testing • Psychological testing • Modified Checklist of Autism in Toddlers (MCHAT) • Other screening tools available for older children • *from birth to 36months every child should be screened for developmental milestones

10. Modified Checklist of Autism in Toddlers: M-CHAT • Valid for toddlers 16-30 months • List of questions • Answers determine need for referral to a developmental specialist • Developmental pediatrician • Neurologist • Psychiatrist • Scoring: child requires follow up if • Answered “No” to 2 or more critical questions or Answered “No” to 3 questions

11. M-CHAT Please fill out the following about how your child usually is. Please try to answer every question. If the behavior is rare (e.g., you've seen it once or twice), please answer as if the child does not do it. (critical questions in red) 1. Does your child enjoy being swung, bounced on your knee, etc.? Yes No 2. Does your child take an interest in other children? Yes No 3. Does your child like climbing on things, such as up stairs? Yes No 4. Does your child enjoy playing peek-a-boo/hide-and-seek? Yes No 5. Does your child ever pretend, for example, to talk on the phone or take care of a doll or Yes No pretend other things? 6. Does your child ever use his/her index finger to point, to ask for something? Yes No 7. Does your child ever use his/her index finger to point, to indicate interest in something? Yes No 8. Can your child play properly with small toys (e.g. cars or blocks) without just Yes No mouthing, fiddling, or dropping them? 9. Does your child ever bring objects over to you (parent) to show you something? Yes No 10. Does your child look you in the eye for more than a second or two? Yes No 11. Does your child ever seem oversensitive to noise? (e.g., plugging ears) Yes No 12. Does your child smile in response to your face or your smile? Yes No 13. Does your child imitate you? (e.g., you make a face-will your child imitate it?) Yes No 14. Does your child respond to his/her name when you call? Yes No 15. If you point at a toy across the room, does your child look at it? Yes No 16. Does your child walk? Yes No 17. Does your child look at things you are looking at? Yes No 18. Does your child make unusual finger movements near his/her face? Yes No 19. Does your child try to attract your attention to his/her own activity? Yes No 20. Have you ever wondered if your child is deaf? Yes No 21. Does your child understand what people say? Yes No 22. Does your child sometimes stare at nothing or wander with no purpose? Yes No 23. Does your child look at your face to check your reaction when faced with Yes No something unfamiliar?

12. Autism Spectrum Disorders Also known as:

13. Asperger’s Syndrome: • Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) • Often called “high functioning autism” • Most diagnoses made between 3-9 years • Capable of functioning in everyday life • Individuals Diagnosed have: • Normal to advanced intelligence level • Normal to advanced verbalization skills • Severely Impaired Social Skills

14. Signs/Symptoms of Asperger’s Syndrome: • Scripted, robotic, or repetitive speech • Inappropriate social interactions • Conversations revolving around self • Lack of “common sense” • Problems with reading, math, or writing skills • Obsessions with complex topics • Average to below level non-verbal communicative skills • Verbal cognitive skills are usually above average • Awkward movements • Odd behaviors/mannerisms

15. Treatment of Asperger’s Syndrome: • Requires input from “healthcare team” • Doctors, teachers, psychologist, therapist, parents • Social skills training • Alternative therapies • Medications - Antidepressants (social isolation)

16. Rett Syndrome: • Pervasive Developmental Disorder • Similar to autism • Affects girls almost exclusively • Early growth and development • Followed by slowed growth and development • Prevalence: 1/10,000 children in the United States

17. Signs/Symptoms of Rett Syndrome: • Severity Ranges from Mild to Severe • Toe walking • Lack of eye contact • Hypotonia (weakened muscle tone) • Difficulty interacting with others • Hand flapping • Begins with normal development • Apraxia (loss of purposeful movements)

18. Treatment of Rett Syndrome • NO CURE • Physical therapy • Motor skills • Occupational therapy • Life skills • Speech therapy • Splints • Sensory therapy • Medical interventions • Antiepileptic

19. Childhood Disintegrative Disorder (CDD) • Normal development until 3 to 4 years old • Then children lose • Language skills • Motor skills • Social skills

20. Signs/Symptoms of Childhood Disintegrative Disorder (CDD) • Delay or lack of spoken language • Impairment in non-verbal behaviors • Inability to maintain conversation • Lack of play • Loss of motor, social, & communication skills • Loss of bowel/bladder control

21. Treatment of Childhood Disintegrative Disorder • Medication • Behavior therapy • Social skills • Speech therapy • Physical therapy

22. Assessment: • Obtain history • Family history • When did symptoms begin? • Motor skills • Language skills • Personality • Behavior • Social skills/interactions

23. Assessment: • Decrease stimulation • Private room • Avoid extraneous auditory and visual distractions • Encourage comforting possessions (toys, blanket, etc) which may decrease anxiety • Minimize touching child • Minimize eye contact

24. Overall Treatment of ASD: • NO CURE • Parent education/training • Specialized educational training • Language therapy • Social skills training • Psychotherapy • Cognitive/behavioral therapy • Medications

25. Prognosis • Varies from case to case based on severity and type of autism. • Some children improve with therapy and medication management • Learning about autism helps improve quality of living for child diagnosed with autism and family members

26. Role of the Nurse: • Each child requires individualized assessment & treatment • Not all children with ASD are the same • EDUCATION • Teach family members signs and symptoms • Help parents understand it is NOT a result of “bad parenting • Family Support • Behavioral Modification Programs • Medications

27. Behavioral Modification Programs: • Promote positive reinforcement • Increase social awareness • Teach verbal communication skills • Decrease unacceptable behavior • *Providing a structured routine for the child to follow is critical in management of ASD*

28. Medical Management • Treat symptoms • Hyperactivity • Depression • Anger • Aggression • Self-injurious behavior • Children with autism may not have a typical response to medication • Monitoring Crucial • lowest dose possible to be affective

29. Medications: • Stimulants • Ritalin • Decrease impulses and hyperactivity • Antidepressants • Valium, Ativan • SSRIs: • Zoloft, Prozac, Luvox • Treat anxiety, depression, OCD • Help decrease repetitive behaviors • Improve eye contact

30. Medications • Antipsychotics: • Haldol, Risperdol, Zyprexa, Geodon • Treat behavioral problems • Decrease brains use of Dopamine • Anticonvulsants: • Tegretol, Lamictal, Topamax • Monitor drug serum levels