Beware of bad reasoning!

1. Beware of bad reasoning!

2. Nonrepresentative Examples

3. False Comparisons • arguing that two instances are comparable(when in fact they may not be), so that what is true for one is likely to be true for another.

4. False Cause • arguing that one event has caused another without • Explaining the link between cause and effect • Supporting the link with credible evidence • Show a correlation between cause and effect

5. Post Hoc Fallacy • Avoid committing post hoc fallacy that mistakes chronology for cause. • Watch out for reversed causality by mistaking the effect for the cause.

6. Ad Populum Fallacy • (aka, bandwagon): assuming truth based on popular opinion.

7. Straw Person Fallacy • substitutinga weaker claim that is easier to rebut for a real counterargument. Picking some little thing mentioned rather than the key arguments.

8. Slippery Slope Fallacy • believingthat one event or policy will tip us over an edge into a huge disaster

9. False Dilemma • arguingthat only two solutions are possible, and that only one of those choices (the speaker’s solution) is correct.

10. Appeal to Tradition • arguingthat an idea or policy is good because people have accepted or followed it for a long time.