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Neuroanatomy

Neuroanatomy. Brain Organization. Spinal Cord Anatomy. Dorsal. Ventral. Dorsal Horn: Sensory information in Ventral Horn: Motor information out. Brainstem. Brainstem : arousal center (ARAS) sensory in pathway motor out pathway Midbrain Superior Colliculus

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Neuroanatomy

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  1. Neuroanatomy

  2. Brain Organization

  3. Spinal Cord Anatomy Dorsal Ventral Dorsal Horn: Sensory information in Ventral Horn: Motor information out

  4. Brainstem Brainstem: arousal center (ARAS) sensory in pathway motor out pathway Midbrain Superior Colliculus Inferior Colliculus Pons REM sleep Medulla breathing center cardiac center

  5. Ascending Reticular Activating System (ARAS) Arousal Center

  6. I. Olfactory • smell • II. Optic • vision • III. Oculomotor • eye movement • IV. Trochlear • eye movement • V. Trigeminal • face movement • mastication • VI. Abducens • eye movement • VII. Facial • face/tongue movement • VIII. Vestibulocochlear • hearing/balance • IX. Glossopharyngeal • taste/swallowing • X. Vagus • parasympathetic NS • XI. Accessory • neck movement • XII. Hypoglossal • tongue movement • swallowing Cranial Nerves

  7. Cerebellum • Motor Coordination • Fine tuning of: • sensory systems • emotions • learning and memory • Autism • decreased cerebellum size

  8. Thalamus and Hypothalamus Thalamus relay station Hypothalamus regulation center

  9. Nucleus Reticularis Thalami NRT: GABA cells Gatekeeper

  10. Hypothalamic Nuclei • hunger/thirst • blood pressure/heart rate • blood pressure/shivering • stress • sex • satiety • memory • reproduction • thermoregulation • reproduction • circadian rhythms

  11. Limbic System Emotion Rewards Memory • smell • aggression • fear learning • recognition memory • smell recognition? • memory

  12. Limbic System Abnormalitiesin Schizophreniaincreased lateral ventricles

  13. Limbic System Abnormalitiesin SchizophreniaReduced Hippocampus and Amygdala Affected Normal Affected Normal

  14. Basal Ganglia • Movement • Parkinson’s Disease • cell death in • substantia nigra

  15. Cortical Lobes Frontal: Strategy and Planning Motor area Parietal: Somatosensory area Temporal: Audition, Language Occipital: Vision

  16. Cortical Lobe Abnormalitiesin SchizophreniaAtypical Frontal Lobe Structure • Evidence: • smaller forebrain • smaller cerebral cortex • smaller dorsolateral prefrontal cortex • fewer cortical neurons • smaller cortical neurons • abnormal neuronal development • neurons remain in white matter • fail to arrange in neat order • abnormal CAMs • less metabolic activity • hypofrontality • failure to increase activity following task • abnormal EEGs

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