Unit 20

1. Unit 20

2. Arab-Israeli Conflict

3. Standard • Describe the formation of the state of Israel and the Arab-Israeli Conflict

4. The Start • 1939, Britain, who controlled Palestine, reversed its 1917 Balfour Declaration • Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour writes an important letter to Britain’s most illustrious Jewish citizen, Baron Rothschild, expressing the British government’s support for a Jewish homeland in Palestine • “His Majesty’s Government view with favor the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people” • The Declaration promised to secure a Jewish homeland

5. Growing Tensions • The Declaration deepened conflict between Jews and Arab Palestinians, both of whom had historical claims to the land • After World War 2, Holocaust survivors poured into Palestine, and built up American support for their own nation-state • Tensions continued to grow, and in 1947 Britain turned the problem over to the United Nations

6. UN takes Control • November 1947, the United Nations voted to separate Palestine into two separate states:  • One Jewish-they accepted • One Arab-they rejected • In May of 1948, Israel declared independence • Its Arab neighbors quickly moved against the new nation

7. Arab-Israeli War • War will break out in 1948 when 5 Arab nations invade territory in the new independent state of  • Arab armies from Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, and Egypt will attack the former Palestine nation • There were no formal armistice agreements until February 1949 • Under separate agreements between Israel and the neighboring states of Egypt, Lebanon, Transjordan, and Syria • These bordering nations agreed to formal armistice lines

8. The End of the War? • Israel will win and gain some territory formerly granted to Palestinian Arabs under the United Nations resolution in 1947 • Egypt and Jordan retained control over the Gaza Strip and the West Bank respectively • These armistice lines held until 1967 • The US did not become directly involved with the armistice negotiations • Some 700,000 Palestinians were uprooted and left as refugees, their lands being given to Jewish immigrants

9. More Conflict • In 1967, Israel responded to Egyptian military movements, and in six days of conflict won the Sinai Peninsula and Gaza Strip from Egypt, the Golan Heights from Syria, and the West Bank and Eastern Jerusalem from Jordan • This will result in Israel gaining territory and more Palestinian refugees • The Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO), led by Yasir Arafat gained support among Arab Palestinians • The PLO fought for the destruction of Israel through guerilla warfare including, bombings and airplane hijackings

10. Oslo Accords • A summit heled and signed in Washington DC in 1993 by the Government of Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization • The pact established a timetable for the Middle East peace process • It planned for an interim Palestinian government in Gaza and Jericho in the West Bank • The process took from 1992-1993 • It will be signed by Peres and Mahmoud Abbas in Washington DC on September 13

11. Struggles Continue • Jews and Arabs will both reject the Oslo Accords • Jews will because Israel gave up land • Arabs will because they didn't secure their own state • It will not be until 2003, the US, Russia, the EU, and the UN present a "road map for peace" to Israelis and Palestinians, with steps to take toward a settled peace in the region

12. Asia and Africa

13. Standard • Analyze the rise of nationalism and the revolutionary movements in Asia and Africa

14. India • Indians pushed for self-rule since the late 19th century, and demands were growing louder and louder • During WW2, Mohandas K. Ghandi and the Indian National Congress started the Quit India movement to achieve immediate independence from the British • The British treated this movement as a rebellion, jailed Gandhi and 60,000 others

15. Muslims • The Muslim minority also wanted their own state, separate from the Hindus in India • 1947, the British left India after hastily partitioning the sub-continent into Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan • This partition was troubled from the start, however, as Hindus and Muslims were often neighbors • Following independence Hindus and Muslims turned on one another, the violence resulting in the death of nearly a million Muslims  and 10 million more as refugees

16. Gandhi • In January 1948, a Hindu extremist assassinated Gandhi for his tolerance of Muslims • Border clashes continued for decades in the Kashmir province on the border between India and Pakistan • Other nationalist groups also wanted independence from India • In the 1980s, Sikhs in the Punjab province fought for self-rule, a movement that was put down by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi • A few years later, the Tamil-speaking Hindu minority in Sri Lanka also pushed for their own nation • The Indian government similarly squashed their efforts

17. Communists v Nationalists • During the 1930s, China suffered a civil war between the Guomindang Nationalist government headed by Chiang Kai-shek  • Communists led by Mao Zedong • Both sides paused the civil war to fight together against the Japanese during World War 2, but in 1945 the civil war resumed • The Nationalists' policies eroded their popular support, leading to Communist victory in 1949 • Nationalist leaders fled to Taiwan and Mao founded the People's Republic of China

18. Communists v Nationalists • Mao began the first 5 Year Plan in 1953 which successfully increased agricultural and manufacturing outputs • It was a violent campaign of land reform • In 1958, Mao instituted the Great Leap Forward, which aimed to build on the first plan's successes, but was a failure and resulted in millions of people dying of starvation in just a few years • Mao pushed forward with the Cultural Revolution in 1966, a program of violent social change designed to rid China of anything from the 'old way'

19. Ghana • After Mao's death in 1976, moderates gained power, introduced elements of a market economy and led China to major economic growth • WW2 created a powerful wave of nationalism in African colonies • Africans began to push back against colonication, especially after India gained indpendence • Africans in the Gold Coast were the first to gain independence being led by Kwame Nkrumah • Africans held strikes and boycotts against the colonial power • They achieved independence in 1957, electing Nkrumah as the first prime minister and changing the country's name to an ancient African one, Ghana

20. Kenya • Ghana's success provided more inspiration to other colonies • Kenya, was led my Jomo Kenyatta to a nonviolent fight for land, but radicals turned to guerilla fighting • The British labeled these fighteres the Mau Mau and put thousands in concentration capms and killed thousand more • Kenyans finally achieved independence in 1963 and elected Kenyatta as their first President

21. Zimbabwe • Southern Rhodesia was a self-governing British colony ruled by a small white minority • This white minority claimed independence in 1965 in response to British pressure to govern by majority rule • Africans responded with guerilla tactics and successfully opened the government to African majority rule • Southern Rhodesia became Zimbabwe • Robert Mugabe, the most radical candidate, won the first free election in 1980 after which he instituted a one-party system limiting political freedom

22. France • France anticipated that its colonies would become incorporated into France, but many Africans wanted their independence • France struck a deal in 1958 that colonies like Senegal and Ivory Coast would be members of the French Community and France would remain • In 1960, those colonies received full independence • In Algeria, the National Liberation Front fought using guerrilla warfare from 1954-1962, when it finally won its independence from France

23. Belgium • Belgium had no intention of letting go of its colonies and did nothing to transition them toward independence • As a result, Congo was thrust into sudden independence in response to violent protests, civil war ensued • 1965, army general Mobutu took control and built a brutal dictatorship that lasted over 30 years

24. Portugal • African nationalists fought long wars against Portugal who held onto their colonies until 1974 when the military took over in Portugal and pulled out of Africa • Guinea-Bissau, Angola, and Mozambique were hurled into independence without a good foundation for either their governments or their economies

25. South Africa • South Africa had achived self-rule in 1910, but a white minority held all political and economic power • 1948, the Afrikaner National Party, made up of Dutch descenants, instituted apartheid, a rigid system of racial segregation designed to maintain white power • African National Congress (ANC) organizd protests, and was banned by the government in 1960 • The next 3 decades, South Africa helped white minorities in neighboring countries maintain their power as well • 1989, President F. W. de Klerk recognized the need for reform; he ended apartheid and the ANC ban

26. Political Systems

27. Standard • Analyze opposition movements to existing political systems, include: anti-apartheid, Tiananmen Square, and the fall of the Berlin Wall

28. Neldon Mandela • In response to apartheid laws insituted in 1948 by the white Afrikaner National Party, the African Ntional Congress organized acts of peaceful civil disoedience • The government responded to one such march by shooting and killing more than 60 peaceful demonstrates in Sharpeville • The ANC amd Nelson Mandela embarked on a more violent course of action • The government banned the ANC in 1960 and arrested Mandela in 1964, but remained a popular symbol of protest • Archbishop Desmond Tutu and others continued the fight from within the outsie of South Africa

29. New President • 1976, police shot black school children who were protesting, leading to riots across the country • 1980s, the government made small concessions, but Black Africans were still excluded from politics and segregated in civil life • 1989, President F. W. de Klerk instituted reforms that legalized the ANC, ended apartheid, and freed Mandela from prison • 1994, the first multi-racial election was held  • South Africans electe anti-aparhid leader Mandela as president

30. Tiananmen Square • During the 1980s, when moderates controlled the government following Mao's death, many Chinese argued for more political freedom and economic reforms • This movement culminated in Tiananmen Square in Beijing • Hundreds of thousands of protesters filled the square for weeks calling for democracy • Students staged a hunger strike, and others-built barricades • The Governmen sent in troops amd tanks, which finally broke through the arricades and began to fire on the protesters killing or wounding thousands • The government were able to maintain tight control and demonstrated the limits of the reforms it was willing to make

32. Berlin Wall • 1961, Communists built a wall of concrete and barbed wire in East Berlin along its border with West Berlin • Hey built and patrolled the wall to keep East Germans from escaping to the West, shooting anyone caught trying to cross over • The wall became a symbol of a divided Europe and, in fact, a divided world • As the Soviet system began to fall apart in the late 1980s, a protests in East Germany convinced the government, which no longer had Soviet backing, to open the borders • 1989, Germans on both sides of the wall, tore down the wall, which has since become a symbol of the collapse of communism