Chapter 3

1. Chapter 3 Standards in the Profession: Ethics, Accreditation, Credentialing, and Multicultural/Social Justice Competences

2. Ethics • Defining Values, Ethics, Morality, and Their Relationship to the Law • Morality • Ethics • See Table 3.1, p. 68: What Do Counselors Think Is Ethical?

3. Ethics • The Development of and Need for Ethical Codes • ACA, APA, and NASW developed codes in 1950s and 1960s • Similar in nature • They change because society changes and values of associations change as society changes • Purposes of (See p. 67) • Problems with (See p. 69)

4. Ethics • Codes of Ethics in Helping Professionals • ACA 2005 Code (summary, pp. 69-71), Sections: • A: The Counseling Relationship • B: Confidentiality, Privileged Communication, and Privacy • C. Professional Responsibility • D. Relationships with Other Professionals • E. Evaluation, Assessment, and Interpretation • F. Supervision, Training, and Teaching • G: Research and Publication • H. Resolving Ethical Issues

5. Ethics • Related Codes • Divisions and Affiliates of ACA: • AMHCA • ASCA • IAMFC • NBCC • CRCC • Related Codes (Besides ACA and related associations) • APA: American Psychological Association • NASW • AAMFT • APA: American Psychiatric Association • NOHS

6. Ethics • Resolving Ethical Dilemmas: Models of Ethical Decision-Making • Problem-Solving Models (E.g., Corey’s 8 step model (p. 72) • Moral Models (Principle and Virtue Ethics) • Principled Ethics (e.g., Kitchener) • Autonomy • Beneficence • Nonmaleficence • Justice or fairness • Fidelity • Veracity

7. Ethics • Resolving Ethical Dilemmas: Models of Ethical Decision-Making • Moral Models (Principle and Virtue Ethics) (Cont’d) • Virtue Ethics (e.g., Mear, Schmidt, and Day) • Virtuous counselors are: • Prudent, maintain integrity, respectful, andbenevolent • They understand the profession and the community • They are self-aware, compassionate, understanding of cultural differences, motivated to do good and have a vision concerning the decisions that are made.

8. Ethics • Resolving Ethical Dilemmas: Models of Ethical Decision-Making (Cont’d) • Social Constructionist Perspective • Knowledge in codes is intersubjective, changeable, and open to interpretation. • Realities socially constructed • Postmodern perspective • Language subtly affects culture, especially disproportionately the underclass • Don’t expect answers to come from codes

9. Ethics • Resolving Ethical Dilemmas: Models of Ethical Decision-Making (Cont’d) • Developmental Models • Perry and Kegan • Differences between “lower” vs “higher” levels • Lower level counselors are more rigid, higher more flexible and self-reflective • Dualists vs. Relativists • See Box 3.1, p. 75 • Summary of Ethical Decision-Making Models (p. 76).

10. Ethics • Ethical Hot Spots (See Table 3.2, pp. 73 to Compare AMCHA, ASCA, ACA) • Confidentiality • Competence • Dual Relationships • Inappropriate fee Assessment • Informed Consent • Misrepresentation of credentials • Sexual relationships with clients • Report abuse, • Transmission of Values

11. Ethics • Reporting Ethical Violations • Section H of ACA Code • Try to resolve by going directly to counselor • (See Box 3.2 pg. 77) • Do ethics committee have jurisdiction? • Legal Issues Related To Ethical Violations • Civil and Criminal Liability • Role of Ethical Codes in Lawsuits • Malpractice Insurance and Best Practices • See Best Practices on pp. 79-80

12. Accreditation • History and Development of Professional Standards • 1960s: Started to take form • 1981 CACREP officially formed • 2009, most recent standards • Today, many programs accredited • Advantages of accreditation

13. Accreditation • History and Development of Professional Standards • Overview of CACPREP Standards (as of 2013): • Clinical Mental Health Counseling: 60 credits • School counseling: 48 credits • Student affairs and college counseling: 48 credits • Addiction counseling: 60 credits • Marriage, couple, and family counseling: 60 credits • Also sets standards in many areas of program functioning • Other Accrediting Bodies: CORE, APA, CSWE, COAMFTE

14. Credentialing • Types of: • Registration • Certification • Licensure • Credentialing in Related Professions • Social Workers: ACSW, ACSW, DCSW, LCSW • Licensed Psychologists (Counseling, Clinical, Psy.D.)

15. Credentialing • Credentialing in Related Professions (Cont’d) • Psychiatrist • First become licensed physician in state • Later becomes “Board Certified” in Specialty Area (e.g., psychiatry—a national exam). • Marriage and Family Therapy Licensure: • Sometimes use AAMFT curriculum • Sometimes based on counseling boards • IAMFC: National Certification (CFT) • Psychiatric-Mental Health Nurse (Basic and Advanced. • Advanced: APRN

16. Credentialing • Credentialing for Counselors • Certifications • CRC through CRCC • NCC through NBCC • Subspecialty of NCC: NCSC, CCMHC, MAC • National Credentialing Academy: CFT

17. Credentialing • Credentialing for Counselors (Cont’d) • Counselor Licensure • All 50 states plus Puerto Rico, and DC • State process: Usually 60 credits, 2 years post master’s supervision, and exam • Lobbying for Credentialing and Counseling-Related Issues • Our “dues” help this happen

18. Multicultural/Social Justice Standards • Multicultural Counseling Competencies • Originally developed by Sue et al. (1992) • Adopted first by AMCD, then by ACA • See Figure 3.1, p. 89

19. Multicultural/Social Justice Standards • Advocacy Competences • Grew out of a number of parallel processes • Transforming School Counseling initiative • Advocating for licensure • Generally movement toward social justice issues in the field • 2003: ACA Endorsed Advocacy Competencies • See Figure 3.2, p. 90

20. Ethical, Professional, and Legal Issues: The Counselor in Process • We have come a long way in 50 or so years • Many ethical codes: ACA, AMHCA, ASCA, Others? • Multicultural Counseling Competencies • Advocacy Competencies • Credentials • There are many “pros” to the above, but are there some “cons” too • The Counselor in Process: A Lifelong Commitment to Professionalism