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Cells

Cells. The Basic Units of Life. Cell Structures. Cell Membrane. Look: a thin line that surrounds the whole cell

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Cells

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  1. Cells The Basic Units of Life

  2. Cell Structures

  3. Cell Membrane • Look: a thin line that surrounds the whole cell • Function: - barrier between inside/outside and what comes in/out - helps with shape/form

  4. Cell Wall • Look: a rigid, frame-like covering that surrounds the cells • Function: - helps regular pressure in the cell (too much water in or out) - also protects the cell - only in plant cells

  5. Cytoplasm • Look: a liquid inside the cell, grainy look • Function: - the “kitchen” of the cell - contains nutrients cell needs to maintain life processes

  6. Nucleus • Look: a fairly large, dark, circular structure usually near the center of the cell • Function: - a “command center” - directs all cellular activity (i.e.: growth, movement)

  7. Vacuoles • Look: clear, liquid-filled space in various places within the cytoplasm • Function: - a “storage room” for nutrients, waste, etc… - many in animal cells, plant cells 1 big one P.C. A.C.

  8. Chloroplasts • Look: medium sized, green circular shaped structures, typically around edges of cell • Function: - solar panel of the cell & found on green parts (i.e.: leaves) - perform photosynthesis & only plant cells

  9. Animal Cell

  10. Plant Cell

  11. Organelles • Most cellular life cannot be seen with a light microscope • Problem solved with electron microscope

  12. Organelles • Organelles: specialized structures that carry out specific functions • Cells work just like mini factories in that they have specialized areas to accomplish specific tasks

  13. Organelles • Mitochondria: - “powerhouse” of the cell - chemical reactions occur here converting energy cell receives to form it can use

  14. Uni vs. Multi Cellular • Smallest known organism is the mycoplasma which is magnified 18000x to be viewed • This is a single cellorganism (as are mostbacteria)

  15. Uni vs. Multi Cellular • Largest known animal is the blue whale, it can be 30m long • It is a multi-cellularorganism (as most plants/ animals are)

  16. UniCellular • Not all unicellular organisms are simple • See: Diatoms

  17. Amoeba • Common unicellular organism • Lives in water • Moves using tiny foot-like projections (pseudopods) • Uses them to eat too - engulfs food creating a vacuole then digests it into cytoplasm

  18. Paramecium • Another Common unicellular organism • This has tiny hairs all around it • Called cilia • They use it to move (like tiny oars) and to eat (sweeps food down into oral grooves where eaten)

  19. Substance Movement • Every second of every day your cells are moving things (waste, energy, nutrient, etc…) • This is vital for survival • Cells have a structure that permits vital exchange of substances  cell membrane • Process is typically via diffusion Basic Experiment Time!

  20. Diffusion & Osmosis • Diffusion is key for plant roots • Moving and distributing evenly from areas of higher concentrations to lower concentration

  21. Diffusion • So what is it? • High Concentration to Low Concentration • An “evening out” process • Occurs until concentrations are the same everywhere • How? • Selectively permeable membrane • That is to say it allows certain things in (i.e.: oxygen) while holding what it needs in (i.e.: no cytoplasm leaking out) • For example: mitochondria need oxygen to function and diffuses into the cells as needed because the concentration is higher outside of the cell compared to inside

  22. Osmosis • Is essentially the same as diffusion but speaking specifically about water in cells • Diffusion of water particles through a selectively permeable membrane • Water from higher concentration to lower concentration • Why? • Water in cells need to stay relatively consistent for proper cell health and function

  23. Oxygen Gravel H2O

  24. Cells Reproduce • Unicellular organisms grow and develop • Differences? • When they reach their max they divide into two identical organisms • This is how your cells reproduce as well • It is how your body replaces the roughly 50000 skin cells it loses each day or repairs skin when you get scraped or cut

  25. Specialized Cells • Our bodies are made up of trillions of cells … many are specialized • Example: • Red blood cells carry oxygen, lose nucleus so they cannot self-reproduce when they mature and are pliable to fit small spaces • To reproduce they need other organs/tissues in the body • This case blood needs marrow (found in most bones) to make new cells

  26. Cell Categories Connective Tissue Nervous Tissue Epithelial Tissue Muscle Tissue

  27. Plant Cell Categories • Plants are similar in that they have 3 cell categories • 1) Photosynthesis/Storage • 2) Protective • 3) Transport • No organ systems exist in plants though however they need the substances produces/provided by the other cell categories to survive • Good way to identify them? Look at leaf, stem and root cells

  28. So ..! • Here is a question to see if you were paying attention! • Is a red blood cell more specialized than an amoeba or is it the other way around? • Discuss…

  29. Goodbye Topic 2

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