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When boys are pushed-pulled out of school: empirical evidence from the Philippines

Leodinito Y. Cañete Cebu Normal University. When boys are pushed-pulled out of school: empirical evidence from the Philippines. “ If we educate a boy, we educate one person. If we educate a girl, we educate a family – and a whole nation.”.

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When boys are pushed-pulled out of school: empirical evidence from the Philippines

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  1. Leodinito Y. Cañete Cebu Normal University When boys are pushed-pulled out of school: empirical evidence from the Philippines

  2. “If we educate a boy, we educate one person. If we educate a girl, we educate a family – and a whole nation.” African proverb quoted by James Wolfensohn, President of the World Bank, 1995

  3. The emerging school drop-out patterns of boys growing up in poverty is a growing area of concern not only in the Philippines but in many parts of the world.(Tyre 2008; Martino and Pallota-Chiarolli 2003; Pollack 1998)

  4. To investigate the phenomenon of boys* being outperformed by girls in school * having less participation in formal education

  5. What is a dropout? DepEd NSO • Pupils who failed to finish the school year as well as those who finished the school year but did not enrol in the succeeding year • Respondents who were not attending school at the time of the Annual Poverty Income Survey

  6. Literature Review

  7. More boys than girls attend elementary schools but more girls attend and complete high school (Cañete 2011) • Employment activities were common among older male dropouts, while domestic duties were true of most females in rural areas (Nava 2009)

  8. Pupils drop out because of lack of personal interest with demand- and supply-side issues (Orbeta 2010) • Children of poor families find it more rational to work rather than to stay in school (Maligalig and Albert 2008) • Percent of children not attending school decreases as HH income increases (Tabunda and Albert 2002 cited in Maligalig and Albert 2008)

  9. More girls finish high school and end up in college because boys have to work, as more families find it increasingly harder to scrape a living (Chua 2005a) • There are now more illiterate boys than girls. Marriages are often frayed by a lot of arguments just because wives earn more than their husbands (Chua 2005b)

  10. Changing marriage patterns result from improvements in women's education and income (Isen and Stevenson 2010; Brüderl and Diekmann 1997) • Non-marriage has been more prevalent among women with more education and best-educated women find fewer potential partners. • Any problem of non-marriage is concentrated in two groups with dim wedding prospects: men with no education and women with a lot, which tends to promote cross-country brides.

  11. There will be an answer, let it be. Let it be, let it be. Yeah, there will be an answer, let it be.

  12. Results and analysis

  13. Percent of male population, 6-24 years old, who were not attending school during SY 2008-2009 by reason and by income stratum, Philippines (total 6.3 million - 2.8 million lowest 30% income stratum and 3.5 million from the highest 70% income stratum)

  14. Reasons given by male population 6-24 years old for not attending school

  15. Two-Way ANOVA:Reasons for not attending school versusincome stratum and location

  16. Reasons for not attending school with no significant correlation to income strata (lowest 30% and highest 70%)

  17. Reasons for not attending school with no significant correlation to location (l7 administrative regions)

  18. conclusion

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