The Triumphs and Travails of the Jeffersonian Republicans

1. Chapter 11 The Triumphs and Travails of the Jeffersonian Republicans 1800 - 1812

2. Election of 1800 presents two clear choices • First time national parties square off • Adams on defensive of strong central government • Jefferson - guardian of agrarian interests

3. Federalist and Republican Mudslingers

4. Federalist had handicaps • Alien and Sedition Act aroused anger • Hamilton split the party • Attacked Adams in letter published by Jeffersonians • Adams refused to give Federalists war with France • War preparations swelled debt creating new taxes and especially one on stamps • All dressed up and no place to go • Military preparation seemed extravagant

5. Federalist attack Jefferson as a method of defense • Whispering Campaigns • Sally Henning - a slave who bore Jefferson’s children? • Separation of church and state efforts

6. The Jeffersonian “Revolution of 1800”

7. Jefferson wins 73 to 65 • New York falls to Jefferson • Aaron Burr helped carry it for Jefferson • Most strength in South and West • Especially where universal white malehood suffrage extended

8. Tie in electoral college between Burr and Jefferson • Tie could only be broken by House • Still controlled by Federalists • Went to Jefferson when a few Federalists refrain from voting for Burr (did not trust him)

9. Adams last of Federalist presidents • Party begins to fade

10. Revolution of 1800 • Actually just barely won • Revolution of original spirit of Revolution • Idea to restore Republican experiment, check growth of government, halt the decay of virtue

11. Peaceful transfer of power revolutionary • Rare and unusual in young nations • Experiment in democracy working

12. Responsibility Breeds Moderation

13. Inaugurated in Washington • Walked to Capitol to show his democratic ideals

14. Address classic • Statement of democratic principles • “We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists” to calm fears of Federalists • Minority possess their rights • Friends with all nations and no entangling alliances

15. Washington a rustic and perfect place for Jeffersonian ideals • Very democratic • Pell mell at dinner seatings and other engagements

16. Unconventional • Dressed down • Sent messages to Congress to be read by clerk • Not a good speaker anyway

17. Jefferson inconsistent • Forced to go against his principles • Scholarly ideals not always work in political world

18. First party overturn in America • Federalists feared for themselves • Jefferson shows unexpected moderation • Dismissed very few public servants (patronage not played up)

19. Good Politician • Better at small settings like dinner parties • Relied on personal charm • Democratic-Republicans would not build support through patronage • Parties not well-developed yet

20. Jeffersonian Restraint

21. Jefferson wants to undo Federalist programs that hurt • Alien and Sedition Act expires • Pardons those convicted • New Naturalization Law of 1802

22. Did away with excise tax • Hurt farmers who voted for him • Cost the government about a million dollars a year

23. Albert Gallatin - Secretary of Treasure • Believed debt was bad • Able to reduce debt and balance the budget

24. Left most of Hamilton’s program in place • Funded national debt at par • Assumed state debts • Kept national bank • Kept tariff

25. Cement gains of Revolution of 1800 • Absorbed major Federalist programs • Change in power not disastrous for losing party • Paved way for 2-party system

26. The Dead Clutch of the Judiciary

27. Judiciary Act of 1801 • Last of Federalist laws • Created 16 new judges • Adams appointed them the night before he left office (Midnight Justices)

28. Bitter Resentment • Trying to pack courts with Federalists • Denounced by Jeffersonians • Beaten at polls and trying to undo will of people

29. Republican Congress repeals Judiciary Act of 1801 the next year • Does away with these judges • Also want to get John Marshall • Appointed by Adams as new Chief Justice • Shaped the court more than any other Justice • Cousin of Jefferson

30. Lifelong Federalist • Lesson learned at Valley Forge • Stayed on Federalist course despite Republican majorities • 34 years • Federalists die out but Marshall lived on

31. Marbury versus Madison • Appointed judge in midnight justices • Madison shelves appointment • Marbury sues for appointment • Marshall dismissed the cause but rules on another issue • Says Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional • Gave Supreme Court powers it could not have • Long term victory for Marshall and Supreme Court but Marbury loses

32. Increase power and prestige of Supreme Court • Settled question of who has final authority to rule on Constitution • Goes against the Kentucky Resolution that left it up to the states • Introduces Judicial Review

33. Jefferson wants revenge • Impeach Samuel Chase • Very unpopular and big mouthed • House brings up charges • Senate fails to convict • Preserves separation of powers

34. Jefferson, a Reluctant Warrior

35. Jefferson reduces the military • 2500 men • Save money but more about ideas • Show world that diplomacy would work better than force • Large armies were invitations to dictatorships • Why build a fleet of ships that might get us into war

36. Barbary Wars force Jefferson’s ideals to change • North African pirates bribing and plundering American shipping

37. Pasha of Tripoli wants more protection money • Declares war on US and cuts down flagstaff in US consulate • Jefferson sends navy and marines to fight for four years • Gets a treaty in 1805 • Gives $60,000 for captured Americans

38. Jeffs or Mosquito Fleet • Small gunboats were successful in Tripolitan War • Orders a large number built • Save $$$ • Thought that would guard American shores

39. 200 built • Built in shipyards that could get votes for Jefferson • Not very sea worthy nor very powerful • Best on land • Stephen Decautor

40. The Louisiana Godsend

41. Napoleon gets Louisiana back from Spain in 1800 • Spain withdraws right of deposit in New Orleans • Americans begin protesting • Western farmers need the Mississippi River • Talk of taking over New Orleans

42. Jefferson afraid of Napoleon • Afraid they might have to fight France • Would need allies - against entanglements

43. Monroe to Paris in 1803 • Met up in Livingston • Want to buy New Orleans for $10 million • If failed they were to open negotiations with Britain • “The day France take New Orleans we must marry ourselves to the British fleet and nation” • Willing to make alliance with old foe against old friend for New Orleans

44. Napoleon decides to sell New Orleans • 1. Failed to reconquer Santo Domingo Toussaint L’Ouverture defends island that was very costly Mosquitoes kill many crack French troops Became too expensive

45. 2. Napoleon was about go to war with Britain Britain controlled the seas and might not be able to hold Louisiana anyways Did not want to drive Americans into the arms of British Hoped America would be able to rival Britain one day and be a friend of France

46. Livingston asked what America would give for all of Louisiana • Stunned • 1803 for $15 million

47. Startled Jefferson • Three treaties not authorized • Doubled the size of the United States Louisiana Purchase Treaty, April 30, 1803

48. Jefferson’s dilemma • Strict constructionist says that government not authorized to buy land • Realist says this is a great deal and can’t pass it up • Submits treaty to the Senate while admitting that it was unconstitutional

49. Jefferson thought amendments should be added to allow purchase • Would take too long and sale might be withdrawn • Senate quickly approves

50. Louisiana in the Long View