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Sample Test Questions from Cell Cycle

Sample Test Questions from Cell Cycle. If there are 20 chromatids in a cell, how many centromeres are there? 20 80 10 30 40. Sample Test Questions from Cell Cycle.

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Sample Test Questions from Cell Cycle

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  1. Sample Test Questions from Cell Cycle • If there are 20 chromatids in a cell, how many centromeres are there? • 20 • 80 • 10 • 30 • 40

  2. Sample Test Questions from Cell Cycle • If there are 20 chromatids in the cell at metaphase, how many chromosomes are there in each daughter cell following cytokinesis? • 80 • 10 • 30 • 20 • 40

  3. Sample Test Questions from Cell Cycle • If a cell has 8 chromosomes at metaphase of mitosis, how many chromosomes will it have during anaphase? • 4 • 8 • 16 • 2 • 1

  4. Sample Test Questions from Cell Cycle • During which phases of mitosis are chromosomes composed of two chromatids? • From G1 of interphase through metaphase • From interphase through anaphase • From anaphase through telophase • From metaphase through telophase • From G2 of interphase through metaphase

  5. Chapter 45: Hormones and the Endocrine System

  6. Day 1

  7. Hormones • Molecules secreted into extracellular fluid • Circulates through blood and hemolymph • Targets specific cells

  8. 2 Categories of Hormones • Figure 45.5 (pg. 978) • Water-soluble • Cannot pass through cell membrane • Lipid-soluble • Able to pass through the cell membrane

  9. 3 Groups of Hormones • Polypeptides • Ex: insulin • Water soluble • Amines • Ex: epinephrine, thyroxine • Water soluble • Steroids • Ex: cortisol • Lipid soluble

  10. Water Soluble Hormones • Signal receptor on cell membrane • Typical activities of water soluble hormones • Activates enzymes • Alter uptake/secretion of molecules • Alter cytoskeleton

  11. Water Soluble Hormones • Signal transduction: extracellular signal triggers a specific intracellular response • Example: epinephrine (Figure 45.6) • Secreted by adrenal gland • Reaches liver cells, causes breakdown of glycogen within the cell • Glucose is secreted into the blood stream

  12. Lipid Soluble Hormones • Activities: • Causes a change in gene expression • Hormone and intracellular receptor bind • Complex moves into nucleus • Alter transcription

  13. Negative Feedback of Hormones • Most hormones follow a negative feedback loop • Secretion of the hormone will cause a response which will reduce the stimulus which caused the secretion of the hormone

  14. Antagonistic Hormones • Insulin and Glucagon • Both are produced in the pancreas • Endocrine cells called islets of Langerhans • Alpha cells – synthesis of glucagon • Beta cells – synthesis of insulin

  15. Insulin and Glucagon • Insulin: • Released to increase uptake of glucose from the blood • Lowers blood sugar concentration • Glucagon: • Released to promote release of glucose into blood • Raises blood sugar concentration • Figure 45.12 pg. 983

  16. Day 2

  17. Important Endocrine Glands (pg. 987) • Hypothalamus • Pituitary • Anterior Pituitary Gland • Posterior Pituitary Gland • Thyroid • Parathyroid • Adrenal • Gonads • Pineal

  18. Human Endocrine System

  19. Hypothalamus • Integrates nervous system and endocrine system • Located within the brain • Initiates endocrine signaling in response to external stimuli • Seasonal changes • Mating

  20. Pituitary Gland • At base of the hypothalamus • Anterior Pituitary – derivative of mouth during embryo development • Regulated by hypothalamus • Posterior Pituitary – extension of the hypothalamus • Stores and secretes hormones from hypothalamus

  21. Posterior Pituitary Gland • Oxytocin • Positive feedback • Regulate milk production • Uterine contraction • Mood and sexual arousal • Antidiuretic hormone • Blood osmolarity • Kidney regulation • Increases water retention within the kidneys • Lowers volume of urine

  22. Anterior Pituitary Gland • Hormone cascade pathways • Hormones triggering other hormones • Tropic hormones: regulates function of endocrine cells and glands • Nontropic hormones

  23. Tropic Hormones • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) • Lutenizing hormone (LH) • Both are produced in the gonads • Adenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) • Steroid released from adrenal gland

  24. Nontropic Hormones • Prolactin • Mammals: lactation • Birds: fat metabolism • Amphibians: delays metamorphosis • Thought to be conserved throughout evolution • Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) • Skin pigmentation (amphibs, fish, reptiles) • Neurons in the brain (mammals)

  25. Growth Hormone • Anterior pituitary gland • Targets liver • Releases insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) • Bone and cartilage growth • Hyper-release – gigantism • Hypo-release – dwarfism

  26. Day 3

  27. Thyroid Hormone • Regulates: • Bioenergetics • Maintain normal: • Blood pressure • Heart rate • Muscle tone • Digestive and reproductive functions • 2 hormones: triiodonthyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4)

  28. Thyroid Hormone • Hyperthyroidism • High body temperature • Excessive sweating • Weight loss • Irritability • High blood pressure • Hypothyroidism • Weight gain • Lethargy • Intolerance to cold • For proper thyroid function, need iodine (iodized salt)

  29. Parathyroid Hormone • Regulates Ca2+ levels • Release of parathyroid hormone raises Ca2+ levels within the blood • Breakdown of bony matrix • Vitamin D – needed for proper Ca2+ absorption • Active form of Vit.D from kidneys triggers uptake of Ca2+ from food in intestines • Calcitonin – inhibits bone resorption(breakdown of bone to release calcium)

  30. Adrenal Hormones • Adrenal glands • 2 parts: • Adrenal cortex • Adrenal medulla

  31. Adrenal Hormones • Norepinephrine • Epinephrine • Both increase breakdown of glycogen in liver, skeletal muscles • Promote release of glucose by liver cells, fatty acids by fat cells • Increases heart rate, dilates bronchioles

  32. Adrenal Hormones • Steroids from adrenal cortex • Corticosteroids: • Glucorticoids • Mineralcorticoids

  33. Glucordicoids • Glucose metabolism from noncarbohydrate sources (skeletal muscles) • Cortisol – skeletal muscle breakdown • Glucose to liver and kidneys • Anti-inflammatory effect • NSAIDs have similar effect but without the negative side effects of steroids

  34. Mineralocorticoids • Salt and water balance • Aldosterone • Stimulate kidney to balance water and sodium balance

  35. Gonads • Female is “default” in mammals • Testosterone production triggers male development • Lower voice, increase muscle mass, bone mass • Testes produce androgens

  36. Ovaries • Production of • Estrogens (estradol) • Female reproductive development • Secondary sex characteristics • Progestines (progesterone) • Uterine maintenance • Synthesis of androgens, estrogens, progestines – regulated by FSH, LH

  37. Melatonin • Synthesis in the pineal gland • Near center of the brain in mammals • In lower vertebrates, has light receptors – closer to surface of body • Circadian rhythms, night/day

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