Organic Chemistry

Organic Chemistry EL 11

Carbon bonding • Carbon is unique because it can form 4 equal bonds. • This property allows it to form multiple types of bonds. • Can also form long chains of atoms.

Hydrocarbons • Molecules that contain only carbon and hydrogen. • Alkanes – hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds – also called saturated hydrocarbons. • Alkenes – hydrocarbons that contain a double bond. • Alkynes – hydrocarbons that contain a triple bond.

Naming system for hydrocarbons • Hydrocarbons are named based on the number of carbons they have and the types of bonds they contain. • Here are the prefixes. • If the compound contains: • 1 carbon = meth- • 2 carbons = eth- • 3 carbons = prop- • 4 carbons = but- • 5 carbons = pent- • 6 carbons = hex- • 7 carbons = hept- • 8 carbons = oct- • 9 carbons = non- • 10 carbons = dec-

The suffix depends on the types of bonds that are between the carbon atoms. • If there are • Single bonds = -ane • Double bonds = -ene • Triple bonds = -yne • Examples • Methane ( a hydrocarbon with 1 carbon and single bonds)

Ethane (2 carbons and only single bonds) • Propane (3 carbons and only single bonds) • Propene (3 carbons and a double bond)

Butane (4 carbons and only single bonds) • Butyne (4 carbons and a triple bond) • Pentene

Naming hydrocarbons • What is the name of the following hydrocarbon? H HHHHH H – C – C – C = C – C – C – H H HHH

Isomers • 2 structures that have the same number of carbons, but a different structure that gives them different properties. • See isomer lab for types of isomers, structures and naming.

Functional groups • Elements other than H that are attached to the carbon chain that give the molecule different properties. • Methyl = CH3 ( we have already seen these as part of a carbon chain) • Alcohol – OH • Ethanol

Polymers • Large chain molecules made from a smaller molecules called monomers. • Monomers join together in repeating patterns. • Examples • DNA – made from nucleotides that join together in a pattern to make a large molecule. • Contains the genetic code. • Protein – made from amino acids that are joined together in patterns to make various proteins. • Acts as enzymes and support many body functions. • Carbohydrates – made from simple sugars called monosaccharides, like glucose or fructose. • Source of food energy and help provide plant structure. • Lipids – 3 fatty acids and a glycerol molecule. • Soaps, waxes, oil, steroids, fat storage.

Identifying monomers • What is the monomer for the following polymers? 1. H HHHHHHHHH I IIIIIIIII - C – C – C – C – C – C – C – C – C – C I IIIIIIIII H COOH H COONa H COOH H COONa H COOH 2. H HHHHHHHHH I IIIIIIIII - C – C – C – C – C – C – C – C – C – C I IIIIIIIII H COOH H COOH H COOH H COOH H COOH

“Cis” and “trans” molecules • A naming system for isomers of alkanes and alkynes. • We use “trans” when the branched groups are on opposite sides of the double or triple bond and “cis” when they are on the same side. trans-2-butene cis-2-butene

Cis and trans fatty acids

Organic Chemistry