Energy in California and beyond…

1. Energy in California and beyond…

2. US Energy usage by energy type • Where our electricity comes from in US and in California • Electricity Demand in California and projected future demands from: • Population increase • Electric plug-in vehicles • Renewable vs. non-renewable energy sources • History of using Oil and Gas • Problems associated with fossil fuels • Oil • Natural Gas • Coal • Infrastructure • Geosequestration – i.e. Clean Coal • Renewable sources and new technologies: • Solar • Hydrogen and Fuel Cells • Wind • Hydro • Biomass and Digesters • Co-generation • Geo-thermal • Nuclear • What is the Power Grid and Deregulation of the Power Grid • Choosing Green power – what does it mean • How Photovoltaics (PV) work and opportunities with electing solar power

3. A U.S. Energy Deficit continues to threaten our long-term ability to: • Operate manufacturing facilities • Perform Industrial processes • Fuel Transportation and Distribution • Provide lighting and cooling • Defend ourselves as a Nation • Reverse Global Warming

4. United States Energy Consumption – Production Imbalance In 2000, the US imported 30% of its energy. Source: Flexible Energy, Inc.

5. What is a BTU • Brittish Thermal Unit – unit of energy • Quadrillion = 1,000,000,000,000,000 • 3413 BTUs = 1 KWH • Quadrillion BTU = 239,000,000,000 KWH • 2003 US Energy consumption in a year per capita = 99,600 KWH (http://www.eia.doe.gov) • 1 Quadrillion BTU enough energy for 2,390,000 Americans for one year

6. The 1993 “BTU Tax”

7. Energy Information Administration http://www.eia.doe.gov

8. Energy Information Administration http://www.eia.doe.gov

10. US Energy Consumption in Quadrillion BTU

11. Oil is used mostly for transportation

12. What energy source is most commonly used for electricity generation in the US?

13. Energy Sources for Electricity

15. http://www.flexibleenergy.com

16. http://www.ecoworld.comYear: 2000

17. Summary of last slide: • Europeans and Americans are very productive. Do you think this might have anything to do with Technology? But….. • Americans are wasteful with resources How could technology address energy waste and why hasn’t industry attacked this problem?

18. DEVELOPING THE YANGTZEE RIVER BASIN: Several Gigawatts will stream from the dam; cubic kilometer volumes of river water will flow to China's arid north in new canals. 1 Gigawatt = 1000 Megawatts “The rising energy consumption of China and India is raising the ante for energy producers to the tune of ten quadrillion BTUs every few years. These rapidly industrializing, massive nations are turning the global energy economy on its ears.“ http://www.ecoworld.com

19. Could the US be using Natural Resources more conservatively? • Do China and India need to use their own natural resources more wisely if they are to sustain their growth? • Could the U.S. export resource-saving technology and “know-how” to China, India, and Europe? • Sadly, U.S. consumption habits and preferences are emulated world-wide.

20. Beijing, China Bangalore, India The “American Way” exists almost everywhere, to the detriment of the environment in most cases.

21. Besides Economic Security, there are environmental issues related to worldwide energy consumption: Keeling Curve:

22. CO2 is a greenhouse gas Greenhouse gases absorb the earth’s infrared radiation: water vapor carbon dioxide methane ozone nitrous oxide

23. Air Bubbles trapped in Ice Caps indicate a rise in CO2 levels:

24. http://staffwww.fullcoll.edu

25. Photosynthesis consumes CO2while combustion of hydrocarbons produces CO2 (Ethane) 2C2H6 + 7 O2 4 CO2 + 6 H2O (Propane) C3H8 + 5 O2  3 CO2 + 4 H2O (Wood/sugar)C6H12O6 + 6 O2  6 CO2 + 6 H2O (gas) 1 C7H16 + 22 O2  7 CO2 + 8 H20

26. Scientist attribute rising CO2 and temperatures to human activities:

27. Could rising temperatures be a natural phenomenon? • Temperature rise appears too fast • Not enough natural sources to warrant the dramatic and continuous rise in CO2 • Humans release 13,000,000,000 tons of carbon each year (Tim Flannery)

28. Carbon Cycle http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov

29. Consider the Dinosaurs 65 millions years ago? • Volcanic gases contributed to increased Greenhouse Effect • Some scientists estimated an increase of 14 0F over a period of 500,000 years before the mass extinction • At the peak of the Dinosaurs, CO2 levels were 12 times higher than today, sea levels were 300-800 feet higher, and there were no polar ice caps. Seas shallower due to sea floor swelling. • Oxygen Isotopes 16/18 ratio is temperature dependent • Midwestern US was a shallow sea

30. Most Oxygen has an atomic weight of 16, however a small percentage of oxygen atoms have two extra neutrons giving these Oxygen atoms an atomic weight of 18. Limestone is deposited on the Ocean floors when hard bodied calcite-shelled creatures die. Calcite is CaCO3. The oxygen in calcite comes from CO2 and H2O. Warmer water has a lower concentration of O-18 than cooler water. This is because it takes more energy to vaporize O-18 than O-16 due to it’s greater mass. The ratio of O-18 or O-16 found in Limestone indicates the temperature of the water when the dinosaurs died.

31. O-18 to I-16 ratios indicate: • Temperature of the Sea has varied over time • Climate has varied cyclically from ice ages with ice extending to the equator, to warmer periods with no polar ice caps. • Yet, rate of climate change was slow compared to changes today and were attributed to changes in the earth’s orbit, volcanic eruptions, and changes in the sun’s intensity.

32. http://rainbow.ldeo.columbia.edu Corg – Carbon Organisms

33. Tambora • In 1815, Indonesian Volcano, Tambora, explodes releasing the greatest known mass of dust into the atmosphere. • 1816 is known as the “year without a summer” • Many horses died causing a shortage, leading the development of a “running machine”. Krakatoa Tambora

34. There isn’t a natural catastrophe that we can look to as the cause of rising CO2 levels

35. Develop and Deploy Clean Coal Technology The U.S. needs to advance its research on clean, alternative energy sources like solar, wind and clean coal, while at the same time recommitting itself to expanding the use of nuclear power.  Clean Coal – what are we hearing? http://www.podcastingnews.com

36. What is Coal? • Fossil Fuel – takes 300 million years to form • Coal came from plant matter that got buried under tons of rock and ancient seas and “cooked” underground • The US has 25% of the world’s supply of coal • Coal is mined in 26 states

37. Fossil Fuel Formation • Decayed plants and animals preserved in the earth’s crust under pressure and heat. • It takes millions of years for this organic sludge to become a fossil fuel http://www.stovesonline.co.uk

38. Millions of years of stored Carbon is released in 150 years Coal has been burned for 2000+ years, however it was the Industrial Revolution that dramatically increased the use of coal. http://www.fossil.energy.gov

39. Burning Coal C10H2 + O2 H20 + CO2 2C10H2 + 2102 2H20 + 20CO2 A lot of Carbon Dioxide is produced and it is emitted from the smoke stack in a un-concentrated form.

40. What is Clean Coal? • Removal of pollutant Sulfur Dioxide, SO2 • Sulfur Dioxide causes Acid Rain • Today “Clean Coal” also means sequestering the CO2

41. Sequestering the CO2 from Coal • CO2 has to be concentrated • CO2 has to be transported to where it will be buried underground • CO2 then has to be compressed into a liquid • A 1000 meter deep hole has to be dug • CO2 then can be injected into the hole • Hole this must be monitored for 1000’s of years to ensure there are no leaks.

42. How much energy does it take to perform these six steps? 20% of the energy produced from burning coal would be needed just to compress the CO2

43. How much land is needed to store the compressed CO2 from coal power plants? 12 cubic miles of CO2 would have to be pumped into the earth every day if all coal plants used geo-sequestration.

44. California’s energy crisis. • In 1995, the CA state legislature unanimously passed a bill to open the electric utility industry to competition and deregulation. • 1998 deregulation takes effect and energy rates rise • 2000-1 Rolling Blackouts due to artificially low supply of electrical energy • US Energy Secretary and Gov. Gray Davis ask for rate caps • Claims of price manipulation on electricity market.

45. A solution: Senate Bill 1078 • Introduced by Byron Sher (Palo Alto) (State Senator – now retired) • Signed by Governor in 2002 • Boost to new energy technologies and small scale energy generation.

46. SB 1078 sets new direction for California Energy Policy • Requires retail utilities to have at least 20 percent of their total energy supply produced through renewable generation. (to be achieved by 2010) • Removes regulations that inhibited small and distributed production • Increase in-state generation of power

47. Impetus for SB 1078 is to secureelectricity for California, but another important requirement is to reduce California’s dependence on fossil fuels.

48. Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaics (PV) Landfill Gas Wind Fuel Cells (using Renewable Fuels) Biomass Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Municipal Solid Waste Anaerobic Digestion Tidal Energy Wave Energy Ocean Thermal Renewable Energy Resources:

49. Non-Renewable Energy Sources: • Coal • Natural Gas • Oil • Other Carbon products mined from the ground • Uranium for Nuclear Power plants (this is not a fossil fuel) Fossil Fuels are formed from the buried remains of plants and animals that lived millions of years ago

50. How is electricity made? • A fluid working on a turbine • Generator http://www.solarschools.ne