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Topic 3 – Transportation Modes

Topic 3 – Transportation Modes. Characteristics A Diversity of Modes Intermodal Transportation. A – Characteristics of Transportation Modes. 1. Vehicles and Infrastructure 2. Modal Competition 3. Passengers and Freight. 1. Vehicles and Infrastructure. Transport modes:

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Topic 3 – Transportation Modes

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  1. Topic 3 – Transportation Modes Characteristics A Diversity of Modes Intermodal Transportation

  2. A – Characteristics of Transportation Modes 1. Vehicles and Infrastructure 2. Modal Competition 3. Passengers and Freight

  3. 1. Vehicles and Infrastructure • Transport modes: • Means to achieve mobility. • Each mode had a set of technical, operational and commercial characteristics. • Vehicles: • Mobile segment. • Supporting the mobility of passengers, freight and information. • Infrastructures: • Fixed segment. • Supporting movements of vehicles. • Three basic types: • Land (road, rail and pipelines). • Water (shipping). • Air.

  4. Performance Comparison for Selected Freight Modes Vehicle Capacity Truck Equivalency 1500 Tons 52,500 Bushels 453,600 Gallons 57.7 (865.4 for 15 barges in tow) Barge 100 Tons3,500 Bushels30,240 Gallons 3.8 Hopper car 10,000 Tons350,000 Bushels3,024,000 Gallons 384.6 100 car train unit 26 Tons; 910 Bushels7,865 Gallons 9,000 for a tanker truck 1 Semi-trailer truck 2,116 5,000 TEU Post-panamax containership 9,330 300,000 tons 2 million barrels of oil VLCC 124 tons 5 747-400F

  5. Modal Split in the EU, United States and Japan, 2005 (in % of ton-km)

  6. Competition and Complementarity Transport Market Geographical Market International / domestic Passengers / freight Level of Service Time / costs

  7. Forms of Modal Competition Market Area Infrastructure / Route Mode B B B B B 1 2 5 4 3 6 A A A A A

  8. Distance, Modal Choice and Transport Costs C1 C2 Road C3 Transport costs per unit Rail Maritime D1 D2 Distance

  9. Four Travel Options between New York and Boston, 2004

  10. Advantages and Disadvantages of Joint Operations

  11. B – A Diversity of Modes 1. Road Transportation 2. Rail Transportation 3. Pipelines 4. Maritime Transportation 5. Air Transportation

  12. 1. Road Transportation • Overview • Small capital costs for vehicles: • Easy for new users to gain entry. • Highly competitive. • Innovations and new technologies can diffuse quickly through the industry. • High relative speed of vehicles: • Government-imposed speed limits. • Flexibility of route choice: • Once a network of roads is provided. • Door to door service for both passengers and freight.

  13. 1. Road Transportation • History • The first land roads were trails (hunting): • Seasonality. • First nation-states: • Trails started to be used for commercial purposes. • Domestification of animals such as horses, mules and camels. • Wheeled vehicles encouraged construction of better roads. • Requires a level of labor organization and administrative control: • Provided by a governmental oversight offering a level of military protection over trade routes. • 3,000 BC the first road systems in Mesopotamia. • Roman Empire 300 BC built the first comprehensive road network.

  14. Roman Road (Appian Way)

  15. 1. Road Transportation • Modern road networks • Creation of modern nation-states (17th century): • National road transportation systems were formally established. • France: Royal Roads system spanning 24,000 km. • Great Britain: 32,000 km system of private toll turnpikes. • United States: 3 million km of roads, most unpaved, were in operation by the early 20th century. • Road engineering • Construction of reliable and low cost hard surface roads. • Scottish engineer Macadam developed a process: • Hard and waterproof road surfaces made by cemented crushed stone, bound together either with water or with bitumen. • Improved the reliability and the travel speed on roads.

  16. Macadam Road Construction, Maryland 1823

  17. 1. Road Transportation • National highway systems • Lincoln Highway (1920s). • German autobahn (1932). • Road development accelerated in after WWII. • American Interstate highway system: • Initiated in 1956. • About 56,000 km was built from the 1950s to the 1970s. • Additional 9,000 km between 1975 and 1998. • Overall, about 70,000 km of four-lane and six-lane highways were constructed. • Linking all major American cities, coast to coast. • Trans-Canada highway “completed” in 1962. • By the 1970s, every modern nation has constructed a national highway system.

  18. German Autobahn, circa 1936

  19. Length of the Interstate Highway System, 1959-2008 (in miles)

  20. The Interstate Highway System

  21. World Automobile Production and Fleet, 1965-2007

  22. Annual Vehicle-Miles Traveled in the United States and Year-over-Year Changes, 1971-2009

  23. 1. Road Transportation • Public sector • Main supplier of road transport infrastructures. • Impractical to use a similar pricing system than a commercial enterprise. • Most roads are not economically profitable: • Must be socially present as they are essential to service populations. • Only specific trunks have a stable traffic. • Toll roads: • Highways linking large cities. • Bridge and tunnels. • Can expropriate the necessary land for road construction. • Economies of scale and their indivisibility. • The “free road curse”.

  24. Costs and Revenues Linked with Road Transportation

  25. 2. Rail Transportation • Overview • Composed of a traced path on which are bound vehicles. • Average level of physical constrains: • Linked to the types of locomotives. • Affected by the gradient. • Heavy industries are traditionally linked with rail transport systems. • Significant changes brought by containerization: • Improved the flexibility of rail transportation. • Integration with road and maritime modes.

  26. Geographical Settings of Rail Lines Transcontinental Lines Local / Regional Networks Penetration Lines Nation A Nation B

  27. 2. Rail Transportation • Geographical setting • Established differently because different goals were to be achieved. • Access to resources. • Servicing regional economies. • Territorial control. • Rail monopolies • High level of economic and territorial control. • Monopoly in Europe and oligopoly in North America. • Regular (scheduled), but rigid, services. • Transport mode the most constrained by the physiography.

  28. Ownership of Major North American Rail Lines, 2008

  29. Rail Technical Issues

  30. Major Gauges of the Global Rail Systems, 2008

  31. Percent of Rail Passenger Traffic to Total Rail Traffic, 2000

  32. Rail Track Mileage and Number of Class I Rail Carriers, United States, 1830-2007

  33. Economic Rationale of Rail Transportation

  34. 2. Rail Transportation • High speed train networks • Require special lines, but can also use existing lines at a lower speed. • Speed of about 300 km/h. • Separation between passenger and freight traffic. • By-passing several centers of less importance. • Able to compete effectively with air transportation for average distances.

  35. Travel Times before and after the Introduction of a High Speed Train Service (hours)

  36. 4. Maritime Transport • Issues • Using buoyancy to transport. • Lowest use of energy per unit carried. • Speed limitations. • Require ports. • International trade and maritime transportation: • Interrelated. • 90% in terms of volume (in ton-km) • 71% in terms of value. • For every $1,000 of exports, there is one ton of freight being shipped by maritime transportation.

  37. International Seaborne Trade and Exports of Goods, 1955-2008

  38. Domains of Maritime Circulation Strategic by its control. Commercial by its usage.

  39. Main Maritime Shipping Routes Obligatory points of passage, which are strategic places. Physical constraints (coasts, winds, marine currents, depth, reefs, ice). Political borders.

  40. Maritime Enclaves and Accessibility Not part of an oceanic domain of maritime circulation. Requires agreements with neighboring countries: Access to a port facility through a road, a rail line or through a river. Substantially higher transport costs. On average 50% higher than countries that are not landlocked. Less than 40% of the trade volume of the median coastal country.

  41. Types of Vessels

  42. English Channel Ferry Ship Entering the Port of Le Havre, France

  43. Cruise Ship

  44. RO-RO Cargo Ship

  45. Types of Vessels

  46. World Tonnage by Cargo Vessel Type, 1970-2009 (in millions dwt)

  47. Ton-miles Shipped by Maritime Transportation, 1970-2007 (in billions)

  48. World’s Largest Dry-Bulk Carrier, the Berge Stalh

  49. Liquid Natural Gas Carrier (bulk)

  50. Reefer Ship

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