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Dr. Thomas Dittrich Consultant

New cell technology spurs hybrid batteries: Testing of Lithium Batteries Containing Both Primary and Secondary Cells. Transportation of Lithium Batteries and/or Equipment Containing Both Lithium Metal and Lithium Ion Cells and / or Batteries. Dr. Thomas Dittrich Consultant.

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Dr. Thomas Dittrich Consultant

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  1. New cell technology spurs hybrid batteries: Testing of Lithium Batteries Containing Both Primary and Secondary Cells. Transportation of Lithium Batteries and/or Equipment Containing Both Lithium Metal and Lithium Ion Cells and / or Batteries. Dr. Thomas DittrichConsultant

  2. New Hybrid Battery Battery combinesLithium MetalCelland Lithium Ion Cell (primary) (rechargeable) Thomas Dittrich (Tadiran) - New Hybrid Battery Testing and Transportation - March 2015

  3. New Hybrid Battery • A composite electrical battery including • a primary cell and • a fully or partially discharged rechargeable cell. • The rechargeable cell is electrically connected in parallel to the primary cell • The open circuit voltage of the primary cell is significantly lower than the open circuit voltage of the rechargeable cell when the rechargeable cell is fully charged • Standby operation, no cycling, no charging device • The self-discharge rate of the rechargeable cell is very low • The composite battery has an improved current delivery capability for an extended life span (typically 15-20 years) compared to the primary cell by itself . Thomas Dittrich (Tadiran) - New Hybrid Battery Testing and Transportation - March 2015

  4. New Hybrid Battery • Battery is NOT RECHARGEABLE • Contains rechargeable cell(s) • Intrinsically not overchargeable because primary cell(s) have lower voltage than rechargeable cell(s). Thomas Dittrich (Tadiran) - New Hybrid Battery Testing and Transportation - March 2015

  5. New Hybrid Battery • Typicallithium / energycontentoftherechargeablecell • Size (ddll) [mm] Energy Equivalentcontentlithiumcontent • 1520 (3,6 Volts; 0,039 Ah): 0,14 Wh 0,02 g Li (3,9 Volts; 0,058 Ah): 0,27 Wh0,04 g Li • 1530 (3,6 Volts; 0,070 Ah): 0,25 Wh0,04 g Li (3,9 Volts; 0,105 Ah): 0,41 Wh0,07 g Li • 1550 (3,6 Volts; 0,155 Ah): 0,56 Wh0,07 g Li (3,9 Volts; 0,240 Ah): 0,94 Wh0,13 g Li Thomas Dittrich (Tadiran) - New Hybrid Battery Testing and Transportation - March 2015

  6. New Hybrid Battery Currentunderstanding: • The existing Test MethodsandCriteriafor Primary BatteriesareapplicabletotheHybrid Battery • Transportation isallowedunderclass 9, UN 3090/3091 Thomas Dittrich (Tadiran) - New Hybrid Battery Testing and Transportation - March 2015

  7. Exemption limits 1) Battery contains at least 2 cells (since ST/SG/AC.10/11/Rev.5/Amend.1, 2011, adopted in ADR since 2013)2) under certain conditions (s. special provision 188)3) Nominal energy: 20 Whcorrespond to approx.1,5 glithiumequivalentcontent. Thomas Dittrich (Tadiran) - New Hybrid Battery Testing and Transportation - March 2015

  8. Consideration of exemption limits with regard to Hybrid Batteries • Exemption limits for Lithium Metal Batteries are similar or tighter than those for Lithium Ion Batteries • Many Hybrid Batteries on the market exceed the exemption limits and are therefore subject to the Dangerous Goods Regulations • It might be useful to revert to the equivalent lithium content concept for lithium ion cells contained in hybrid batteries. Thomas Dittrich (Tadiran) - New Hybrid Battery Testing and Transportation - March 2015

  9. Test plans and results UN-Tests donewith Hybrid Batteriesandtheircomponentcells

  10. Test planExample rechargeable component cell: Size 1550 Thomas Dittrich (Tadiran) - New Hybrid Battery Testing and Transportation - March 2015

  11. Test planExample primary component cell : Size D Thomas Dittrich (Tadiran) - New Hybrid Battery Testing and Transportation - March 2015

  12. Test plan - Example Hybrid Battery: D (primary) + 1550 (rechargeable) Thomas Dittrich (Tadiran) - New Hybrid Battery Testing and Transportation - March 2015

  13. Test plan - Example Hybrid Battery: D (primary) + 1550 (rechargeable) Thomas Dittrich (Tadiran) - New Hybrid Battery Testing and Transportation - March 2015

  14. Proposal T.7 Over charge • A Hybrid Battery is a primary battery containing a small amount of rechargeable component cells • Therefore it cannot be tested according to Overcharge test T.7 • However, the equivalent test result can be obtained by the following test procedure: : • Conduction of the Overcharge test T.7 with the rechargeable component cells. • Assessment of the battery circuit diagram, based on which overcharge is prevented by intrinsic voltage limitation. Thomas Dittrich (Tadiran) - New Hybrid Battery Testing and Transportation - March 2015

  15. UpperlimitsforLithium Content of Hybrid Batteries • Upperlimitfortheprimarycells in a Hybrid Battery: 12 g Lithium content per primarycomponentcell • Upperlimitfortherechargeablecellsin a Hybrid Battery : 0.2 g Lithium equivalentcontent per rechargeablecomponentcell • Upperlimitforthe Primary part in a Hybrid Battery: 500 g Lithium content per Battery • UpperlimitfortheSecondarypartin a Hybrid Battery : 20 g Lithium equivalentcontent per Battery. Thomas Dittrich (Tadiran) - New Hybrid Battery Testing and Transportation - March 2015

  16. Hybrid BatteriesContained in Equipment • Equipment containing Hybrid Batteries • Equipment containingboth • Lithium Metal Cells/BatteriesAND • Lithium Ion Cells/Batteries • Currentunderstandingisthatitcanbetransportedunder UN 3091 • IS THERE A NEED FOR DISCUSSION / REGULATION? Thomas Dittrich (Tadiran) - New Hybrid Battery Testing and Transportation - March 2015

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