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LINGUISTIC FRAMEWORKS Graphology Grammar Lexis Discourse Semantics

LINGUISTIC FRAMEWORKS Graphology Grammar Lexis Discourse Semantics Phonology Pragmatics. Artwork: Illustrations Images Charts Diagrams. Logos Signs Photographs. Letters / Print: Upper / lower case Italic / bold print Serif / sans serif font Capitalisation

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LINGUISTIC FRAMEWORKS Graphology Grammar Lexis Discourse Semantics

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  1. LINGUISTIC FRAMEWORKS Graphology Grammar Lexis Discourse Semantics Phonology Pragmatics

  2. Artwork: • Illustrations • Images • Charts • Diagrams • Logos • Signs • Photographs • Letters / Print: • Upper / lower case • Italic / bold print • Serif / sans serif font • Capitalisation • Typeface / font choice • Underlining • Punctuation: • Heavy/light use • Parentheses • Ellipsis • Asterisk • Inverted commas (e.g. semantic nuance) • Spelling: • Archaic • Errors (sic) • Deliberate mis-spellings (Kwik Save) • Abbreviations GRAPHOLOGY • Layout: • Organisation of the text to guide the reader: • Columns • Paragraphs • Headings • Captions • Spacing

  3. Code-switching Clarity of expression Formality Register Style Patterns of language Organisation Conformity Coherence Choices Textual Conventions Deviance Structure Authorial Intention Focus Intertextuality Age Originality Class Audience Conformity Genre Function Discourse Breadth Coherence Cultural Cohesion External reference to real world See separate sheet Context Social Situation Shared knowledge Tone Relevance Manipulative Content Interest Playful Complexity Challenging Ironic Emotion Serious Information

  4. Grammatical Connectivity • Vocabulary: Lexical Cohesion Semantic Cohesion • Collocation • Repetition • Synonyms • Antonyms “Essential to the making of discourse is the capacity of language to connect across sentence boundaries” • Determiners • indefinite / definite articles • Adverbials • Personal pronouns • Demonstrative pronouns • Anaphoric / Cataphoric • Exophoric / Endophoric Identification Reference • General Implications: • General knowledge • Expectations of the reader Conjunction Ellipsis COHESION & CONNECTIVITY • Punctuation & Layout • How it helps the reader to follow • Context: • It is impossible to understand exactly what a piece of text is about without knowing the context.

  5. Elision Gonna, wannabe Long or short Plosive, fricative, nasal Vowels Contraction Couldn't, wouldn’t, He’ll Consonants Phonemes: e.g. twelfth, glimpsed Consonant clusters Homophones And sound-based puns PHONOLOGY Comic onomatopoeia: Yikes! Eek! • Prosody • Rhythm • Rhyme • Metre Hesitation indicators (er, um…) • Influence of Spoken language features • Sound Symbolism: • E.g. bang, crunch, cough • Sound patterns • Sibilance • Alliteration • Assonance Supra-segmental features when indicated in a written text (stress, volume etc)

  6. Figurative Language: • Metaphor • Metonymy • Simile • Hyperbole • Litotes Proportion of: Lexical items (content words) vs grammatical items (linguistic ‘glue’) Slang jargon Offensive language Foreign words Stereotypical Language Original or predictable? collocations clichés idioms catchphrases Vocabulary: Concrete or abstract? Basic or sophisticated? OE or Latinate? SEMANTICS & LEXIS Language change Archaic words, neologisms Acronyms, blends • Facts vs Feeling irony, euphemism dysphemism, ambiguity allusion, humour playfulness Referential Cognitive Informative Affective Connotation Emotion

  7. MODIFICATION Passive / active Front / end loading Missing agent ‘get’ passives Adverbials Noun Phrases Dialect Fillers VOICE Pre- and post-modification Subjuncts, disjuncts, intensifiers, GRAMMAR OF SPOKEN LANGUAGE Vocatives Direct address PERSONAL PRONOUNS GRAMMAR VERB PHRASES Subordinate clauses DETERMINERS and articles Tenses Modality Ellipsis, omission, incomplete sentences: • Types: • Simple • Compound • Complex Varying the information structure: Fronting, inversion, cleft sentences, extraposition (See Crystal, Rediscover Grammar) Theme and focus • Functions: • Declarative • Imperative • Interrogative • Exclamative Word order SENTENCES Existential Sentences

  8. Politeness and face: • Negative politeness • Positive politeness Co-operative Principle Grice’s Maxims • Conversation Rules • Turn-taking • Utterance length • Speech acts • Back-tracking • Back-channelling PRAGMATICS Cultural Allusions Meaning in context Subtext Explicit Meaning Implied Meaning

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