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Multidimensional poverty measurement: A human rights based approach The case of Mexico. April, 2011. www. coneval .gob.mx. Content. CONEVAL. CONEVAL. CONEVAL Public institution Academic researchers Technical autonomy. Social Development Law (2004).

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  1. Multidimensional poverty measurement: A human rights based approach The case of Mexico April, 2011 www.coneval.gob.mx

  2. Content

  3. CONEVAL

  4. CONEVAL • CONEVAL • Publicinstitution • Academicresearchers • Technicalautonomy Social Development Law (2004) Multidimensional PovertyMeasurement Evaluation of Social Development Policy

  5. Rights to social development “..to guarantee the full exercise of the social rights set forth in the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States, ensuring access to social development to the population as a whole ”

  6. Measuring poverty by mandate of the Law • Current income per capita • Educational gap • Access to health services • Access to social security • Quality of living spaces • Housing access to basic services • Access to food • Degree of social cohesion Social Development Law Dimensions for poverty measurement Periodicity States (2 years) Municipalities (5 years)

  7. Process Discussions, criteria & design of data sources 2007 2009 • Julio Boltvinik • SatyaChakravarty • James Foster, Sabine Alkire • David Gordon • Rubén Hernández and Humberto Soto • Bourguignon,Thorbecke, Kakwani, Lustig,Skoufias, Walton, Khander, Reddy, Feres, López-Calva, … amongothers. 2006 Five Specific consultations 2008 Discussions of proposals Final discussions & results of studies Consultation aboutindicators, thresholds, questionswithpublicinst. Data Collection Data delivery Consultation with experts National and internationalseminars Survey Design Presentation (December) Building the methodology

  8. ConsultedInstitutions 8

  9. Human Rights Approach to Multidimensional Poverty

  10. Measuringpoverty Lackof resources • Capabilities Concept • Unmetneeds • HumanRights • “…A human rights approach adds value because it provides a normative framework of obligations that has the legal power to render governments accountable” • Mary Robinson

  11. Measuringpoverty (Sen, 1976) Theoreticalframework (povertyindicator) Identification Whoispoor? Identificationcriteria (threshold) Unidimensional Incidence Aggregation FGT measures Populationgroups Intensity Severity

  12. Measuringpoverty Relevantdimensions Multidimensional Eachspecific dimension • Thresholds • Dual cut-off method Overallcut-off Relativeimportance Weighting

  13. Indivisible All rights have equal status and cannot be positioned in a hierarchical order • Principles of human rights Universal Inalienable Interdependent Indivisible Interrelated Absolute Inherent Inviolable Irreversible Progressive Universal Everybody is entitled to them Interdependent Unfulfillment of any right affects the others

  14. Coneval. Humanrightsbasedapproachtopovertymeasurement Relevantdimensions • Individuals • Titularity of humanrights • Universalityprinciple ConstitutionalHumanRights Unit of analysis Dimensionspecificthresholds • Legal norms • Institutionalcriteria • At leastone social deprivation • Interdependenceprinciple Overallcut-off threshold • Alldimensionsequallyimportant. Addingdeprivations. • Indivisibilityprinciple Weighting & Summary InformationfromInegi Data sources

  15. Multidimensional Poverty Measurement in Mexico

  16. Methodological approach Poverty Measurement Social Rights Economic Wellbeing • Constitutional guarantees • Economic policy and income have an impact on social development • Poverty associated with social deprivation

  17. What are the main features of the methodology? Current income per capita Mexican Population • Educational gap • Access to Health • Access to Social Security • Housing • Quality of living spaces • Access to Food Wellbeing Income Social Deprivation Index (SDI) Territorial Degree of social cohesion 4 3 6 5 2 1 0 Social Rights

  18. Main features (simple to understand) Without Deprivations Vulnerable people by social deprivations Notpoor and not vulnerable Population with social deprivations Economic wellbeing line EWL Public policy MULTIDIMENSIONAL POOR Vulnerable people by income Deprivations 5 6 4 1 2 3 0 Social Rights

  19. Aggregation: the headcount ratio Sin EWL q _ H= n Deprivations 5 6 4 1 2 3 0 Social Rights

  20. Aggregation: Depth & intensity of poverty Sin EWL Average number of deprivations 1.3 5.7 Deprivations 5 6 4 1 2 3 0 Social Rights

  21. Results

  22. Populationwith at leastone social deprivation, Mexico, 2008 Without D e pr Ivat ios Populationwith social deprivations 77.2 % 82.4 millions 2.4 deprivationsonaverage 22.8 % 24.3 millones Wellbeing Income Deprivations 5 6 4 1 2 3 0 Social rights Source: estimates of the CONEVAL based on the MCS-ENIGH 2008.

  23. Total population 2008 (106,680,526) Not poor and not vulnerable Vulnerable people by social deprivations 33.0% 35.2 millions 2.0 deprivations on average 18.3% 19.5 millions Wellbeing Income MODERATE POVERTY MULTIDIMENSIONAL POVERTY Vulnerable people by income 44.2% 47.2 millions 2.7 deprivations on average EXTREME POVERTY Deprivations 4.5 % 4.8 millions 4 3 6 2 5 1 0 Social Rights Source: estimates of the CONEVAL based on the MCS-ENIGH 2008.

  24. Indigenous and non-indigenous population Percentage of population in multidimensional poverty depending on whether they speak or not an indigenous language Source: estimates of the CONEVAL based on the MCS-ENIGH 2008.

  25. Multidimensional poverty by state Total of States CHIAPAS Ranks Source: estimates of the CONEVAL based on the MCS-ENIGH 2008.

  26. Percentage of population with social deprivations. Mexico, 2008 Source: estimates of the CONEVAL based on the MCS-ENIGH 2008.

  27. Contribution of social deprivations Source: estimates of the CONEVAL based on the MCS-ENIGH 2008.

  28. Populationgroupsdecomposable Dimensiondecomposable Comparabilityacross time In the space of social rights, equivalent to the M0=H·A The Social DeprivationIndex (SDI) and MD PovertyMeasures Rigorousity Satisfy a set of axiomatic properties (Alkire y Foster, 2007) The SDI also satisfies the validity, reliability and additivity properties (Gordon; 2007,2010) Multidimensional povertymeasures Properties

  29. Research Agenda

  30. Using the methodology • By linking social rights deprivations with poverty, policy recommendations are strengthened. • It is now possible to evaluate the effect of social policy not only on income poverty but also on specific social deprivations. • We’re starting to evaluate social programs using this approach. • A remarkable feature of the methodology is that it does not only identify poverty (priority), but also it identifies the whole population without full access to social rights, which is a comprehensive way of evaluating public policies.

  31. Research Agenda ENAPOS. Access to social security Deepenknowledge of dimensions Access tohealthservices RighttoEducation (INEE) Comparison 2008-2010 (July) ENIGH-MCS MunicipalityMDP estimates (December) ReformtotheLGDS Tomeasurethedegree of full exercise of social rights NationalSystem of Social Development Indicators

  32. Thankyou!

  33. Contact information www.coneval.gob.mx Consejo Nacional de Evaluación de la Política de Desarrollo Social (CONEVAL) Boulevard Adolfo López Mateos No.160 Col. San Ángel Inn, Delegación Álvaro Obregón, C.P. 01060, México, D.F. • Ricardo Aparicio • Director, Poverty Analysis • E-mail: rcaparicio@coneval.gob.mx

  34. Supporting SLIDES

  35. examples

  36. Examples Wellbeing Income MODERATE POVERTY MULTIDIMENSIONAL POVERTY EXTREME POVERTY Deprivations 4 3 6 2 5 1 0 Social Rights

  37. Examples Wellbeing Income POBREZA MODERADA 4 3 6 2 5 1 0 EXTREME POVERTY POBREZA EXTREMA Deprivations Social Rights

  38. Examples Vulnerable by social deprivation Wellbeing Income 4 3 6 2 5 1 0 Deprivations Social Rights

  39. Examples Wellbeing Income Vulnerable by income 4 3 6 2 5 1 0 Deprivations Social Rights

  40. Usingthemethodology forpublicpolicy

  41. What policies should be carried out? • Economic Policies: • Economic growth • Job creation Sin EWL MWL 3 0 Deprivations 5 6 4 1 2 Social Rights

  42. What policies should be carried out? • Social Policies: • Health • Education • Housing Sin EWL MWL 3 0 Deprivations 5 6 4 1 2 Social Rights

  43. What policies should be carried out? • Targeted policies • Social Programs for the population in poverty Sin EWL MWL 3 0 Deprivations 5 6 4 1 2 Social Rights

  44. What policies should be carried out? • Universal policies • Social Security • Education for all • Access to health services • Economic growth Sin EWL MWL 3 0 Deprivations 5 6 4 1 2 Social Rights

  45. Thresholds

  46. How to determine thresholds? Social rights Use of legal norms, if they exist Legal criteria Consultationwithspecialists Experts criteria Publicinstitutions Health, Housing, Social Security, Education

  47. How to determine thresholds of social deprivations? She or he is not attending a formal educational center Populationaged 3-15 years Educational gap • When someone was born before • 1981 and lacks the mandatory • basic education current at the • time he or she should have • completed it. Primary • When someone was born • before 1982 and lacks the • mandatory basic education • current at the time she should • have completed it. Secondary Populationaged 16 yearsorolder

  48. How to determine thresholds of social deprivations? When a personisnotenrolled in ornotentitledtoreceivemedicalservicesfrom: Popular Insurance A social securitypublicinstitution Accestohealth services A privatemedical service

  49. How to determine thresholds of social deprivations? • If the worker does not receive medical services as a work benefit or through voluntary enrollment and a retirement investment plan Direct access • If a person is not enrolled in an institution that provides medical services by voluntary enrollment. • If the spouse,child, parent, -law of the head • of household is not enrolled in an medical institution Familynucleus Access to social security Otherfamilynucleus and voluntaryenrollment If the person does not have a relative who has access to social security If the person is not beneficiary of a social program of pensions for senior citizens

  50. How to determine thresholds of social deprivations? When the material is cardboard sheets or residue material Roofs When the material is mud or daub&wattle; reed, bamboo or palm; cardboard, metal or asbestos sheets; residue material Quality of living spaces Walls When the material of the floor is soil Floors When the ratio of people per room is greater than 2.5 Overcrowding

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