Sully-sur-Loire, a medieval castle visited by (among others) Joan of Arc, Louis XIV

1. Introduction to the The Middle Ages Sully-sur-Loire, a medieval castle visited by (among others) Joan of Arc, Louis XIV Giotto “Madonna and child” Notre-Dame church in Orleans, France

2. Ancient “Classical” Period Middle Ages Renaissance Middle Ages • Middle Ages/Medieval Period: 476 to 1453 C.E. Also known as the Dark Ages • "Middle Age:” invented by Italian scholars in the early 15th Century. Before this, it was believed there had been two periods in history, the “Ancien” times and the "Dark Age.“ • Renaissance means “rebirth” • The humanistic revival of classical art, architecture, literature, and learning that originated in Italy in the 14th century and later spread throughout Europe. • The period of this revival, roughly the 14th through the 16th century, marking the transition from medieval to modern times.

3. Medieval Europe5th century to 1453 Three Elements • Graeco-Roman civilization and culture • the oldest and most important • Christianity • the newest • Germanic culture • Most adaptable

4. Origins • Roman empire: private retainers and soldiers • Germanic society: the comitatus • a warrior band • gifts of land for service or surrendering control of your land or talents to a superior for his protection

5. Germanic Tribes and Kingdoms • Italy - numerous invasions (Visigoths and Vandals) • Britain - Anglo-Saxon invasions • Spain - Visigoths, then the Islamic Moors • Gaul - by the Franks

6. Roman Invasion of Britain Britain conquered in 43AD • North Britain (Scotland) was not conquered. • In 122 A.D., Emperor Hadrian built a wall separating North and South.

7. Hadrian’s Wall

8. Social Structure • Anglo-Saxon invasion • a complex class system • lower classes must work on the noble’s farm • Britain divided into seven kingdoms, always fighting • United under King Alfred to defend against the Danes

9. The Renaissance Medieval Period in a Historical Nutshell • Rome attacked in 476 C.E. • beginning of the Middle Ages often called the "Dark Ages” • Fall of Greece and Rome • Life in Europe during the Middle Ages was very hard. • Few people could read or write • Only hope: strong belief in Christianity; heaven would be better than life on earth. • In contrast: • The Muslims in the Middle East and North Africa studied and improved on the works of the ancient Greeks • Civilization flourished in sub-Saharan Africa, China, India, and the Americas. • Great change by about 1450 • Columbus & America • printing press - spread literacy • Scientific discoveries • Great works of art • The Renaissance is the beginning of modern history.

10. With the Fall of Rome….. • Barbarian* tribes invading Britain and Western European lands • Emperors became more like kings • Feudalism: involuntary peasant labor on lands not their own; personal bonds and personal law replaced impersonal law common to large expanses of territory

11. With the Fall of Rome….. • Medieval Guilds • Catholic Church, would provide spiritual and moral direction, as well as leadership and material support, during the darkest times of the early Medieval period. Barbarian - first applied to any foreigner, one who did not have a recognized culture or degree of polish with the speaker or writer employing the term. It is a Greek word,and expresses with mocking duplication ("bar-bar") alleged attempts by outsiders to speak a "real" language.

12. Feudalism: The Middle Ages’ social order TURMOIL • Church deeply involved in government • Christianity - basis for a first European "identity," unified in a religion common to most of the continent until the separation of Orthodox Churches from the Catholic Church in 1054. • Crusades: Popes, kings, and emperors unite and defend Christendom from the perceived aggression of Islam Crusades Key Concepts of the Middle Ages War Religion

13. Social Structure • Norman invasion • the development of a feudal system: • Feudalism: nobles received land from their lord, and had to fight in his army • Manorialism: “villeins” (serfs) received land from a noble, and had to do work for him • feudalism declined in the 14th century • peasants had more freedom • they paid rent to the noble who owned the land

14. Why Feudalism Was Needed… • No central government, therefore a new political system - Feudalism. • Feudalism - loosely organized system of rule where powerful local lords divided their landholdings among lesser lords. In exchange, lesser lords, or vassals pledged service and loyalty to the greater lord.

15. Feudalism cont… • Political system based on social class and duty. Then be rewarded (paid): • FIEFS: included the land and peasants to work it. It was granted to warriors, counts, and local officials • LORD: the noble who granted the land and promised to protect the vassal • VASSAL the person who received the land and promised loyalty and military service --- • SERF: work three or four days a week for the lord as rent. Spend the rest of their week growing crops to feed their families. Other serfs worked as sharecroppers. A sharecropper had to turn over most of what he grew in order to be able to live on the land.

16. Economic Revival Changes in medieval society: • Rise of merchant class and larger middle class • People had greater skills • Inhabitants in town played larger role in politics • Townsfolk no longer dependent on manorial lord • Rise of ghettos • Crusades

17. The Church • Christianity became the universal faith of almost all of the people of Europe. • The Church was often the only way to get an education. • Monks: men who lived in monasteries, or small communities of religious workers.

18. 1347 Bubonic Plague 1066 C.E. Norman invasion of Britain 450 C.E. Anglo-Saxons invade England 1455 C.E. Printing Press 1306-1321 Dante’s Divine Comedy 1375-1400 Sir Gawain & Green Knight 1386 C.E. Chaucer begins writing Canterbury Tales 306 C.E. Constantine comes to power in Eastern Roman Empire; beginning of Byzantine Empire Beowulf Composed sometime between 476 C.E. Fall of Rome 1453 Fall of Byzantine Empire with invasion of Ottoman Turks 850 C.E. 900 C.E. Middle Ages: General Timeline 1095-1291C.E. Crusades

21. What was the Renaissance? What was the Renaissance, and where did it begin? • Italy • Italian Cities • Urban Societies • Major Trading Centers • Secular • Moved away from life in the church • Focuses more on material objects and enjoying life

22. The Renaissance was a time of renewal Renaissance means rebirth and Europe was recovering from the Dark ages and the plague. People had lost their faith in the church and began to put more focus on human beings.

23. The Crusades and the Renaissance • Increased demand for Middle Eastern products • Stimulated production of goods to trade in Middle Eastern markets • Encouraged the use of credit and banking • Church rule against usury and the banks’ practice of charging interest helped to secularize northern Italy. • Letters of credit served to expand the supply of money and expedite trade. • New accounting and bookkeeping practices (use of Arabic numerals) were introduced.

24. Political Ideas of the Renaissance Niccolò Machiavelli The Prince Machiavelli believed: “One can make this generalization about men: they are ungrateful, fickle, liars, and deceivers, they shun danger and are greedy for profit” Machiavelli observed city-state rulers of his day and produced guidelines for the acquisition and maintenance of power by absolute rule. He felt that a ruler should be willing to do anything to maintain control without worrying about conscience.

25. Better for a ruler to be feared than to be loved • Ruler should be quick and decisive in decision making • Ruler keeps power by any means necessary • The end justifies the means • Be good when possible, and evil when necessary

26. Renaissance Economics • “Cottage Industry” • Art became the way to advertise economic success – Patronage • Intensified commercial competition created the need to be efficient • Medici Bankers

27. Renaissance Economics • Profit-making became more important than Church doctrine • To overcome guilt, profit-makers indulge in philanthropy • Influence of guilds declining • High profits led to economic diversification

28. The Renaissance produced new ideas that were reflected in the arts, philosophy, and literature. Patrons, wealthy from newly expanded trade, sponsored works which glorified city-states in northern Italy. Education became increasingly secular. Medieval art and literature focused on the Church and salvation Renaissance art and literature focused on individuals and worldly matters, along with Christianity.

29. Renaissance Artists embraced some of the ideals of Greece and Rome in their art They wanted their subjects to be realistic and focused on humanity and emotion New Techniques also emerged Frescos: Painting done on wet plaster became popular because it gave depth to the paintings Sculpture emphasized realism and the human form Architecture reached new heights of design

30. Born in 1475 in a small town near Florence, is considered to be one of the most inspired men who ever lived

31. David Michelangelo created his masterpiece David in 1504.

32. Sistine Chapel About a year after creating David, Pope Julius II summoned Michelangelo to Rome to work on his most famous project, the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.

33. Creation of Adam Creation of Eve The Last Judgment Separation of Light and Darkness

34. La Pieta 1499Marble Sculpture

35. Moses

36. 1452-1519 Painter, Sculptor, Architect, Engineer “Renaissance Man”

37. Mona Lisa

38. The Last Supper

39. Notebooks

40. RaphaelPainter1483-1520

41. The School of Athens

42. How did classical knowledge of the ancient Greeks and Romans foster humanism in the Italian Renaissance? Humanism • Celebrated the individual • Stimulated the study of Greek and Roman literature and culture • Was supported by wealthy patrons

43. Northern Renaissance • Growing wealth in Northern Europe supported Renaissance ideas. • Northern Renaissance thinkers merged humanist ideas with Christianity. • The movable type printing press and the production and sale of books - 1455 (Gutenberg Bible) helped disseminate ideas. Northern Renaissance writers • Erasmus—The Praise of Folly (1511) • Sir Thomas More—Utopia (1516) Northern Renaissance artists portrayed religious and secular subjects.

44. Literature flourished during the Renaissance This can be greatly attributed to Johannes Gutenberg In 1455 Gutenberg printed the first book produced by using moveable type. The Bible