The Cellular World

1. The Cellular World

2. Eukaryotic Cells Includes: animal cells, plant cells, protist cells, and fungi cells

3. Prokaryotic Cells Includes: bacterial cells

6. Biological Macromolecules • Macromolecules – large molecules that form from joining smaller molecules together • The smaller molecules are called monomer • The larger molecules are called polymers • Four biologically important macromolecules(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H8WJ2KENlK0)

7. Macromolecules Monomer – smaller molecule Polymer – larger molecule formed by joining together smaller molecules

8. Macromolecules Smaller Organic Molecule or Monomers Macromolecule or Polymer

9. Macromolecules Amino Acids (Monomers) Proteins (Polymer)

10. Macromolecules Nucleotides (Monomers) Nucleic Acid (Polymer)

12. Biological Macromolecules

13. Eukaryotic Cells Structures http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/cells/insideacell/

14. The Cell is a Factory for Making PROTEINS!!

16. Central Idea of Genetics! DNA RNA PROTEIN Transcription Translation

17. http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/dna/tour_protein.htmlhttp://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/dna/tour_protein.html • http://www.dnatube.com/video/3059/DNA-Transcription-and-Protein-Assembly

18. Proteins • Proteins are made by joining • AMINO ACIDS • Each protein contains a combination of the 20 amino acids • The function of the protein is determined by number and sequence of amino acids • (A polypeptide is a protein!) Protein 1 Protein 2

19. Proteins

20. Amino Acids

21. Protein Structure

22. Function of Proteins • Structural – help make up cells and cell membranes • Examples: actin, myosin, keratin • Plasma/Blood proteins • Examples: coagulation factors, hemoglobin • Cell receptors/cell signals/membrane channels • Hormones and Growth Factors • Immune system (antibodies) • ENZYMES!! (catalysts) • http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/tour/ • http://vimeo.com/22054910

23. Enzymes • Group of proteins that catalyze chemical reactions

25. Central Idea of Genetics! DNA RNA PROTEIN Transcription Translation http://www.dnatube.com/video/3059/DNA-Transcription-and-Protein-Assembly

26. Eukaryotic Nucleus

27. Cellular Molecules

28. Small Organic Molecules Glucose Nucleotides

29. Proteins • Long polymers made up of many monomers (amino acids) • 20 different amino acids can combine in different number and sequence to produce huge variety of proteins • Peptide bonds form between amino acids to form long chains, polypeptide chains

30. For example:

34. DNA Structure

35. DNA Structure • Nucleotides join together to form long strands • DNA consists of two strands • Strands twist around each other to form a double helix • Nucleotides are held together by a phosphodiester bond • Connects the sugar of one nucleotide to the phosphate of another • Nucleotide sequence can vary Phosphodiester bonds

36. Polarity of DNA • Each carbon in the deoxyribose is numbered 1’-5’ • Each strand of nucleotides has a 5’ end and 3’ end • The 3’ end used to bond to another nucleotide • The 5’ end is attached to the phosphate group of the nucleotide • A strand of DNA runs from the 5’ 3’

38. DNA Structure • DNA consists of two strands joined together by hydrogen bonds between the base pair • Base pairs are complementary on opposite strands • Adenine only base pairs with thymine • Guanine only base pairs with cytosine • Two strands are considered antiparallel because the polarity of each strand opposite • Necessary for nitrogen bases to align and form hydrogen bonds

39. DNA Animations • http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/genome/dna.html# • http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/tour/ • http://www.johnkyrk.com/DNAanatomy.html • http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/DNA_structure.html

40. Chapter 2 • Kingdoms of living things • Cell types (eukaryotic/prokaryotic) • Cell structures and functions • Cellular molecules • Small organic molecules • Macromolecules • monomers and polymers • proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides • Proteins • Amino acid structure • Enzymes • Nucleic acids • DNA & RNA (3 types & differences) • Structure of DNA • purines/pyrimidines • nucleotide structure • directionality of strands • double helix • complementary base pairing • antiparallel strands Test Review Chapter 1 • Define biotechnology • Types of Biotech • Agricultural • Industrial • Medical • Environmental • Forensic • Ethics

41. Images taken from: • http://s569.photobucket.com/albums/ss139/kateharsh/Monera/?action=view&current=bacecoli.png&newest=1 • http://www.williamsclass.com/SixthScienceWork/Classification/ClassificationNotes/ClassificationNotes.htm • http://www.scientificentertainment.com/Brain-Eating_Amoeba.html • http://scienceblogs.com/neurotopia/2009/12/friday_weird_science_the_milli.php • http://waynesword.palomar.edu/slime1.htm • http://inhabitat.com/2009/01/19/moss-carpet-by-nguyen-la-chanh/ • http://plantimporters.com/plantphotos5.htm • http://www.frogsonice.com/photos/aa-oct-08/ • http://www.mghs.sa.edu.au/Internet/Faculties/Science/Year8/livingWorld.htm • http://www2.volstate.edu/UGarimella/BIOL1010/BIOL1010lab.htm • http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect20/A12c.html • https://www.lakelawnandpond.com/WeedItemGroups.aspx?weed=46 • http://www.biologyjunction.com/fungi_notes_b1.htm • http://soe.ucdavis.edu/ms0809/180Sec1/WongJ/Web/Default.html • http://www.insectcollectorshop.com/ • http://sdakotabirds.com/species/baltimore_oriole_info.htm • http://accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/aminoAcid.php • http://accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/aminoAcids2.php • http://www.tutorvista.com/topic/what-makes-an-amino-acid • http://www.npc.edu.hk/~chem/news/3_03/Hair%20Waves.htm • http://www.bioss.ac.uk/~dirk/genomeOdyssey/go_1955_to_66.html

42. The Nature of Living Things:How They Are Organized Chapter 2

43. Taxonomy of Living Things Next

44. Monera Table

45. Protists Table

46. Fungi Table

47. Plants Table

48. Animals Table