Vitals Signs

1. Blood enters the heart through the and vena cava into the . Blood then travels through the valve into the . Blood then travels through the valve into the to the to pick up and release . Blood returns to the heart through the into the Blood goes through the valve into the Blood is pumped out of the to the rest of the .

3. Vitals Signs

4. Blood Pressure (BP) • When the heart pumps blood into the arteries, the surge of blood filling the vessels creates pressure against the vessels walls • Represented by two numbers: systolic and diastolic • Systolic pressure is the higher pressure number • Contraction of the left ventricle • Diastolic pressure is the lower pressure number • Relaxation of the ventricle • Average adult blood pressure is 120/80

6. Pulse pressure is the difference between the systolic and diastolic readings • Average is 40 (120-80) • Athletes have lower BP due to heart being stronger and more efficient • Less effort to circulate blood • High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) • 140/90 • Low Blood Pressure (Hypotension) • 90/40

8. Pulse • Rhythmical beating of the heart • Expansion and contraction of the arteries as blood flows through them • The pulse can be found in 7 different locations • Brachial artery – inner border of the biceps • Common Carotid artery – in neck • Femoral artery – groin • DorsalisPedis artery – anterior surface of the foot • Popliteal artery – behind the knee • Radial artery – at the wrist thumb side • Temporal artery – slightly above the outer edge of the eye • Pulse rate for athletes is significantly lower

10. Target Heart Rate • Percentage of the maximum heart rate that is safe to reach during exercise • AHA recommends 50-75% for average healthy person • Calculated 220-age • THR is sliding scale that decreases with age • Tool for measuring cardiovascular exercise • Maintain THR for 15-30 min daily health benefits

12. Wound Care

13. Types of Bleeding • All need prompt attention to prevent shock, infection, and possible loss of life • Arterial • Severe bleeding • Bright red blood that spurts or pulses • Corresponds to the heart beat • Can lose a large amount in a short period of time • Most serious type and can be fatal • Apply pressure and activate EMS immediately

14. Venous • Steady blood flow • Blood will appear bluish-red due to lower oxygen levels • Veins are closer to surface to easier to control • Direct pressure and compression best way to control bleeding

15. Capillary • Slow and oozes • Blood clotting occurs rapidly • Slow bleeding carries a risk of infection • Bandage with sterile dressing

17. Protecting Body from Exposure • Protective equipment should be worn anytime dealing with an open wound • The type of injury will determine the type of barrier needed • Caregivers should always protect themselves • Wash hands before and after care • Can protect self using gloves, eyewear, and masks

18. Gloves • Must be worn when treating any injury involving body fluids • Latex are the best material because they resist tears, highly elastic, and gives the wearer good sensitivity • Latex gloves have outstanding barrier properties • Individuals with a latex allergy can buy latex-free gloves • Must be discarded properly to reduce exposure • Gloves should be taken off inside out to trap any pathogens within glove barrier

19. OSHA guidelines for infectious disease control • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) • Organization within the federal government that monitors outbreaks of infections • Advises affected groups on how to handle the situation and control the spread of disease • OSHA • Produces standards for infections control practice by medical care workers • One of the first standards and practice rules was the Bloodborne Pathogens rule • Standard precautions • Infection control guidelines designed to protect workers from exposure to disease spread by contact with blood or other bodily fluids

20. Wound Care • Open wound • Irrigate with clean, cool water to wash away any foreign particles • Use a mild soap to help control infections • Foreign particles must be removed or infection with result • Refer if necessary

22. Minor cuts and abrasions • Wash and dry • Treat with first aid cream to prevent infections • Apply sterile bandage which should be changed daily • Bandage should be large enough to cover area • Do not secure to tight or circulation will be cut off to the area • Athlete should check for signs of infection regularly • Athlete should be instructed on how to clean and manage wounds • Infected wounds increases healing time

24. Bandages and dressing • Will ensure proper healing and infection control • Dressing is the material placed directly on wound • Large enough to cover injury • Sterile to prevent infection • Bandage is the material that holds the dressing in place • Gauze dressing • Made of cotton, woven into a flexible absorbent cloth • Occlusive dressing • Prevent air and moisture from entering or escaping the wound • Often have a petroleum gel or a thin plastic film

26. Bandage guidelines • Select the proper size and material • Remove anything that interferes with bandaging • Never reuse a dressing or bandage, only use sterile material • Should be snug but not too tight • Leave fingers and toes exposed to check for circulation

27. Signs of infection • Redness • Swelling • Increased pain • Oozing of pus • Increase in body temperature • Red streak on arm or leg – possible blood poisoning • Emergency

29. Foldable • Wound Management • Types of bleeding and their definitions • Types of dressings and their definitions • Bandage guidelines • Signs of infection

30. Bingo Words • Ventricle • Coronary Arteries • Atrium • Capillaries • Carbon Dioxide • Tricuspid Valve • Artery • Heart • Lungs • Venule • Mitral Valve • Pulmonary Artery • Capillary Bleeding • Blood Pressure • Arterioles • Oxygen • Vein • Pulmonary Vein • Arterial Bleeding • Venous Bleeding • Capillary Bleeding • Platelets • Red Blood cell • White Blood Cell • Arterial Bleeding • Gauze Dressing • Occlusive Dressing • Pulse