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Nyoman Suryadipta, ST, CCNP

Nyoman Suryadipta, ST, CCNP. Sessions. I : Intro II : Modulation III : Terestrial Wireless IV : Cellular Wireless V : Satellite Systems VI : WLAN VII : Special Study : 4G Technology ( LTE ). Score System. Presence/ Kehadiran : 10% Tugas Harian /Essay : 5%

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Nyoman Suryadipta, ST, CCNP

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  1. Nyoman Suryadipta, ST, CCNP
  2. Sessions I : Intro II : Modulation III : Terestrial Wireless IV : Cellular Wireless V : Satellite Systems VI : WLAN VII : Special Study : 4G Technology (LTE)

  3. Score System

    Presence/Kehadiran : 10% TugasHarian/Essay : 5% Tugas Project/Study Case : 10% QUIZ : 5% UTS : 20% UAS : 50% ------------------ + Total : 100%
  4. References ebooks.narotama.ac.id
  5. Why Wireless? Human freedom Portability v. Mobility Objective: “anything, anytime, anywhere” Mobility Size, weight, power Functionality Content Client Infrastructure not required Reduce Cost
  6. Electromagnetic Spectrum 4G CELLULAR 56-100 GHz 3G CELLULAR 1.5-5.2 GHz 1G, 2G CELLULAR 0.4-1.5GHz HARMFUL RADIATION LIGHT RADIO SOUND VHF = VERY HIGH FREQUENCY UHF = ULTRA HIGH FREQUENCY SHF = SUPER HIGH FREQUENCY EHF = EXTRA HIGH FREQUENCY UWB 3.1-10.6 GHz SOURCE: JSC.MIL
  7. Wireless Bands
  8. Unlicensed Frequency ISM Band (Industrial, Scientific & Medical) 900-MHz band: 902 MHz to 928 MHz. 2.4-GHz band: 2.400 GHz to 2.483 GHz (in Japan, this band extends to 2.495 GHz.) 5-GHz band: 5.150 GHz to 5.350 GHz, 5.725 GHz to 5.825 GHz, with some countries supporting middle bands between 5.350 GHz and 5.725 GHz. Not all countries permit
  9. Wireless Telephony WIRELESS AIR LINK WIRED PUBLIC SWITCHED TELEPHONE NETWORK SOURCE: IEC.ORG
  10. Cell Clusters ACTUAL COVERAGE AREA OF CELL 3 ACTUAL COVERAGE AREA OF CELL 1 CELL 1 OVERLAPS 6 OTHERS DIFFERENT FREQUENCIES MUST BE USED IN ADJACENT CELLS SEVEN DIFFERENT SETS OF FREQUENCIES REQUIRED SOURCE: IEC.ORG
  11. Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA) MANY CELLS CAN SHARE SAME FREQUENCIES IF SEPARATED IN SPACE PATTERN CAN BE REPLICATED OVER THE ENTIRE EARTH 200 FREQUENCIES IN ONE CELL TOTAL NUMBER OFFREQUENCIES = 1400 WORLDWIDE
  12. Cell Handover AS PHONE MOVES FROM CELL “A” TO CELL “B”: • CELL “A” MUST HAND THE CALL OVER TO “B” • PHONE MUST CHANGE FREQUENCIES • CELL “A” MUST STOP TRANSMITTING Minimum performance contour A x y B z Handover threshold contour ANIMATION SOURCE: R. C. LEVINE, SMU
  13. Cell Sizes MACROCELL: $1M FAST-MOVINGSUBSCRIBERS PICOCELLS MICROCELL: $250K SLOW-MOVINGSUBSCRIBERS GSM: 100m - 50 km 250 km/hr
  14. Multiple Access Many users sharing a resource at the “same time” Needed because user must share cells FDMA (frequency division) Use different frequencies TDMA (time division) Use same frequency, different times CDMA (code division) Use same frequency, same time, different “codes”
  15. Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDMA) k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6 c f t Each channel gets a band (range) of frequencies Used in traditional radio, TV, 1G cellular Advantages: No dynamic coordination Disadvantages: Inflexible & inefficient if channel load is dynamic and uneven EACH CHANNEL OCCUPIES SAME FREQUENCY AT ALL TIMES SOURCE: NORMAN SADEH
  16. Time Division Multiplexing (TDMA) k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6 c FREQUENCY BAND f t Each channel gets entire spectrum for a certain (rotating) time period Advantage: Can assign more time to senders with heavier loads 3X capacity of FDMA, 1/3 of power consumption Disadvantage: Requires precise synchronization SOURCE: NORMAN SADEH
  17. Combining TDMA and FDMA k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6 c f t Each channel gets a certain frequency band for a certain amount of time. Example: GSM Advantages: More robust against frequency- selective interference Much greater capacity with time compression Inherent tapping protection Disadvantages Frequency changes must be coordinated SOURCE: NORMAN SADEH
  18. Time-Division Multiple Access SOURCE: QUALCOMM
  19. Code Division Multiplexing (CDMA) k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6 c f t Each channel has unique“code” All channels use same spectrumat same time but orthogonal codes Advantages: bandwidth efficient – code space is huge no coordination or synchronizationbetween different channels resists interference and tapping 3X capacity of TDMA, 1/25 power consumption Disadvantages: more complex signal regeneration Implemented using spread spectrum
  20. Cellular Generations First Analog, circuit-switched (AMPS) Second Digital, circuit-switched (GSM, Palm) 10 Kbps Advanced second Digital, circuit switched, Internet-enabled (WAP) 10 Kbps 2.5 Digital, packet-switched, TDMA (GPRS, EDGE)40-400 Kbps Third Digital, packet-switched, wideband CDMA (UMTS)0.4 – 2 Mbps Fourth Data rate 100 Mbps; achieves “telepresence”
  21. GSM Architecture CELL TRANSMITTER & RECEIVER INTERFACE TO LANDTELEPHONE NETWORKS HIERARCHY OF CELLS STOLEN, BROKEN CELLPHONE LIST LIST OF ROAMINGVISITORS PHONE ENCRYPTION, AUTHENTICATION LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS IN THIS AREA SIM: IDENTIFIES A SUBSCRIBER DATA RATE: 9.6 Kbps SOURCE: UWC
  22. SMS – Short Message Service Integral part of GSM standard Added to other standards as well Uses control channel of phone Send/Receive short text messages Sender pays (if from mobile phone) Phone has "email" address SMTP Interface Only in the US, not the rest of the world Allows messages to be sent for free! 3125551234@wireless.att.net 1 BILLION SMS/day worldwide SOURCE: GEMBROOK SYSTEMS
  23. SMSBanking Bank Web Site Customer Internet Alert me to all credit card transactions greater than $100. Message from YourBank: Credit card purchase of $1245 at Joe’s HiFi. Bank Back-end Systems SMS Monitoring Application Air Credit card used Joe’s HiFi $1245 Message appears within seconds on the customer’s phone Wireless Carrier SMS Carrier Cell Tower SOURCE: GEMBROOK SYSTEMS
  24. Satellite Systems GEO MEO LEO GEO (22,300 mi., equatorial) high bandwidth, power, latency MEO high bandwidth, power, latency LEO (400 mi.) low power, latency more satellites small footprint V-SAT (Very Small Aperture) private WAN SATELLITE MAP SOURCE: WASHINGTON UNIV.
  25. Geostationary Orbit SOURCE: BILL LUTHER, FCC
  26. GPS Satellite Constellation Global Positioning System Operated by USAF 28 satellites 6 orbital planes at a height of 20,200 km Positioned so a minimum of 5 satellites are visible at all times Receiver measures distance to satellite SOURCE: NAVSTAR
  27. GPS Trilateration DISTANCE MEASUREMENTS MUST BE VERY PRECISE LIGHT TRAVELS 1018 FEET EACH MICROSECOND SOURCE: PETER DANA
  28. Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL) Benefits of AVL Fast dispatch Customer service Safety, security Digital messaging Dynamic route optimization Driver compliance Sample AVL Users Chicago 911 Inkombank, Moscow Taxi companies Intelligent Highway demo CA SOURCE: TRIMBLE NAVIGATION
  29. Location-Aware Applications Vehicle tracking Firemen in buildings, vital signs, oxygen remaining Asset tracking Baggage Shoppers assistance Robots Corporate visitors Insurance Barges
  30. Wireless LAN Idea: just a LAN, but without wires Not as easy since signals are of limited range Unlike wired LAN, if A can hear B and B can hear C, not necessarily true that A can hear C Uses unlicensed frequencies, low power 802.11 from 2 Mb to 54 Mb Bluetooth UWB
  31. Wireless LAN Components Extended Range Antenna WaveLAN ISA (Industry Standard Architecture) Card WavePOINT II Transmitter Ethernet Converter 11 Mbps WaveLAN PCMCIA Card SOURCE: LUCENT
  32. Wireless LAN Configurations CLIENT AND ACCESS POINT WIRELESS PEER-TO-PEER BRIDGING WITH DIRECTIONAL ANTENNAS MULTIPLE ACCESS POINTS + ROAMING UP TO 17 KM ! SOURCE: PROXIM.COM
  33. Bluetooth A standard permitting for wireless connection of: Personal computers Printers Mobile phones Handsfree headsets LCD projectors Modems Wireless LAN devices Notebooks Desktop PCs PDAs
  34. Bluetooth Characteristics Operates in the 2.4 GHz Industrial-Scientific-Medical (ISM) (unlicensed)! band. Packet switched. 1 milliwatt (as opposed to 500 mW cellphone. Low cost. 10m to 100m range Uses Frequency Hop (FH) spread spectrum, which divides the frequency band into a number of hop channels. During connection, devices hop from one channel to another 1600 times per second Bandwidth 1-2 megabits/second Supports up to 8 devices in a piconet (two or more Bluetooth units sharing a channel). Built-in security. Non line-of-sight transmission through walls and briefcases. Easy integration of TCP/IP for networking.
  35. Bluetooth Devices ALCATEL One TouchTM 700 GPRS, WAP ERICSSON R520 GSM 900/1800/1900 ERICSSON BLUETOOTH CELLPHONE HEADSET NOKIA 9110 + FUJI DIGITAL CAMERA ERICSSON COMMUNICATOR
  36. Bluetooth Piconets Piconet = small area network “Ad hoc” network: no predefined structure Based on available nodes and their locations Formed (and changed) in real time
  37. Wireless Standards 802.11b(2.4 GHz 300’ radius 11 Mbps) 802.11a(5 GHz 54 Mbps incompatible with b) 802.11g(2.4 GHz 54 Mbps backward compatible with b) 802.20 (<3.5 GHz >1 Mbps @250 kph) BlueTooth(2.4 Ghz 30’ radius) GSM (9.6 Kbps)GPRS(28.8 Kbps up to 60 Kbps ) 3G(UMTS 1.1 Mbit/s shared typically giving 80 Kbit/s ) 4G2010? (10 Mbs? ) SOURCE: JOHN DOWNARD
  38. Conclusions Mobile growing very rapidly Cell systems need large infrastructure Wireless LAN does not Content preparation is a problem Wireless business models largely unexplored Bandwidth, bandwidth, bandwidth
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