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Cellular Metabolism

Cellular Metabolism. Energy as it relates to Biology Metabolism Catabolism (ATP production) Glycolysis and the TCA Cycle Anabolism (Synthetic pathways) Protein Synthesis. Metabolism. Definition = “ All chemical reactions that take place within an organism. ”

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Cellular Metabolism

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  1. Cellular Metabolism • Energy as it relates to Biology • Metabolism • Catabolism (ATP production) • Glycolysis and the TCA Cycle • Anabolism (Synthetic pathways) • Protein Synthesis

  2. Metabolism • Definition = “All chemical reactions that take place within an organism.” • Metabolic pathways = network of linked reactions

  3. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ClXcQ0WFjkk&feature=related

  4. Glycolysis • From 1 glucose (6 carbons) to 2 pyruvate (3 carbons) molecules • Main catabolic pathway of cytoplasm • Does not require O2  common for (an)aerobic catabolism • Starts with phosphorylation of Glucose to Glucose 6-P

  5. Pyruvate has 2 Possible Fates: Anaerobic catabolism:Pyruvate Lactate Aerobic catabolism:Pyruvate Citric Acid Cycle

  6. Intermediate Step

  7. Glycolysis

  8. FAD and NAD • FAD = B2 (Riboflavin) • NAD = B3 (Niacin) • Acetyl Co A = B1 (Thiamine)

  9. Final step:Electron Transport System • Chemiosmotic theory / oxidative phosphorylation • Transfers energy from NADH and FADH2 to ATP (via e- donation and H+ transport) • Mechanism:Energy released by movement of e- through transport system is stored temporarily in H+ gradient • NADH produces a maximum of 2.5 ATP FADH2 produces a maximum of 1.5 ATP • 1 ATP formed per 2H+ shuttled through ATP Synthase

  10. Organelles

  11. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_PgjsfY71AM&feature=related

  12. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xbJ0nbzt5Kw&feature=related

  13. Electron Transport Chain • On the inner membrane of the mitochondria • Protein complexes including enzymes and iron-containing proteins called cytochromes • Chemiosmotic Theory • Movement of electrons through the etc to produce ATP

  14. Steps to produce ATP • Pairs of high-energy electrons pass from complex to complex along the etc. • Energy released by these reactions is used to pump H+ from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space. • The movement of protons creates a concentration gradient • As the protons move down their concentration gradient into the matrix potential energy stored in the concentration gradient is transferred to the high –energy bond of ATP

  15. Oxidative Phosphorylation • Oxygen is required as the final electron and proton acceptor

  16. ATPsynthase • When the protons move back into the mitochondrial matrix through a pore in ATPsynthase stored energy is converted into chemical-bond energy • The ATPsynthase transfers KE to the high-energy phosphate bond of ATP • A portion of this energy transfer is released as heat and absorbed into the blood

  17. Electron Transport Chain

  18. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3y1dO4nNaKY&feature=related

  19. In the absence of oxygen, which of the following processes can still occur? • Glycolysis • The Kreb’s cycle • Electron transport chain • Oxidative phosphorylation

  20. Beta-oxidation of fatty acids yields • Glucose • Pyruvic acid • Lactic acid • Citric acid • Acetyl CoA

  21. If oxygen is not present in the intermediate step, the end product is • Pyruvate • Lactic acid • Acetyl coenzyme A • Carbon dioxide and water • Fatty Acids

  22. Acetyl CoA + _____________ produces Citric Acid. • Pyruvic Acid • Succinyl Co A • αKetoglutarate • Oxaloacetic Acid • Fumarate

  23. The final electron acceptor in the process of oxidative phosphorylation is • NAD • Oxygen • FAD • Carbon dioxide • Water

  24. Which cytochrome is FAD attracted to in the ETC? • Complex I • Complex II • Cyt b-c1 • Cyt a

  25. In the chemiosmotic theory, how many ATP are ultimately produced from the two electrons from the hydrogen atoms carried by NAD? • 2 • 3 • 5 • 7 • 9

  26. Which cytochrome comes after Q in the electron transport chain? • Cyt b • Cyt c • Cyt a • Cyt a3 • Cyt f

  27. Which vitamins participate in the citric acid cycle as hydrogen carriers? • Pyroxidine and thiamine • Niacin and ascorbic acid • Riboflavin and niacin • Thiamine and biotin

  28. Where in the mitochondria does the Citric Acid Cycle take place? • Inner membrane • Outer membrane • Intermembrane space • Matrix

  29. Glycogen Synthesis Gluconeogenesis Made from glucose Stored in all cells but especially in • Liver (keeps 4h glycogen reserve for between meals) • Skeletal Muscle  muscle contraction Glycolysis in reverse From glycerol, aa and lactate All cells can make G-6-P, only liver and Kidney can make glucose

  30. Water Soluble Vitamins • B1 (Thiamine) • Part of coenzyme cocarboxylase • Transformation of pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA • Deficits • Beriberi • Decreased appetite • Vision disturbances • Unsteady gait • Loss of memory and confusion • Fatigue • tachycardia

  31. Water Soluble Vitamins • B2 (Riboflavin) • FAD and FMN • Hydrogen acceptors in body • Deficits • Cracking of lips • Tongue turns purple red and shiny • Light sensitivity • Decreased energy

  32. Water Soluble Vitamins • B3 (Niacin) • Constituent of NAD • Deficits • Listlessness • Headache • Weight loss and loss of appetite • Sore red tongue and lips • Nausea • Vomiting • Diarrhea • Photosensitivity • Cracked and ulcerated skin

  33. Water Soluble Vitamins • B6 (Pyridoxine) • Coenzyme pyridoxal phosphate • Functions in amino acid metabolism • Formation of antibodies and hemoglobin • Deficits • Increased risk of heart disease • Seborrhea around eyes and mouth • In infants: nervous irritability and convulsions

  34. Water Soluble Vitamins • B5 (Pantothenic acid) • Coenzyme A • Deficits • Loss of appetite • Abdominal pain • Depression • Muscle spasms

  35. Water Soluble Vitamins • Biotin • Coenzyme for Krebs cycle • Deficits • Scaly skin • Muscle pain • Pallor • Anorexia • Nausea • Fatigue • Elevated blood cholesterol

  36. Water Soluble Vitamins • C (Ascorbic Acid) • Antioxidant • Formation of connective tissue • Converts tryptophan to serotonin • Enhances iron absorption • Deficits • Joint pains and poor both and tooth growth • Poor wound healing • scurvy

  37. Water Soluble Vitamins • B12 (Cyanocobalamin) • Coenzyme in gastrointestinal cells, nervous tissue and bone marrow • Synthesis of DNA • Division of erythrocytes • Deficit • Pernicious Anemia • Pallor • Anorexia • Dyspnea • Weight loss

  38. Water Soluble Vitamins • Folic Acid • Coenzymes for synthesis of methionine and other amino acids • DNA synthesis • Formation of red blood cells • Formation of normal neural tube in embryonic development • Deficits • Megaloblastic anemia • Gastrointestinal disturbances • Diarrhea • Spina bifida in new born • Low birth weight • Neurological deficits • Increased risk of heart attack and stroke

  39. Fat Soluble Vitamins • A (Retinol) • Synthesis of photoreceptor pigments • Development of teeth and bone • Antioxidant • Deficits • Night blindness • Dry skin and hair • Dry eyes • Defects to developing embryo

  40. Fat Soluble Vitamins • D (Antirachitic factor) • Functionally a hormone • Increases calcium in blood by enhancing absorption • Acts with PTH to remove calcium from bones • Assists in blood clotting mechanism • Deficits • Demineralization of bones and teeth • Rickets or osteomalacia • Restless muscle syndrome

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