HOW TO HANDLE THE DESIGN OF MISSION CRITICAL HARDWARE

1. HOW TO HANDLE THE DESIGN OF MISSION CRITICAL HARDWARE

2. MARINE ELECTRONICS TYPES OF SENSORS IN MARINE:- • GYROSCOPES – DRIFTING SENSOR • AGI WIND EQUIPTMENT – WIND SENSOR • LOG – SPEED SENSOR • GPS – LATITUDE & LONGITUDE • NAVIGATIONAL RADAR • ECHOSOUNDER TYPES OF ACTUATORS • ELECTRONIC STEERING GEAR SYSTEM ALL ARE CERTIFIED BY INTERNATIONAL MARINE ORGANIZATION.

3. GYROSCOPES FUNCTION:- TO DETECT & CALCULATE HEADING,ROLL & PITCH. TYPES OF GYROSCOPES:- • MECHANICAL • RING LASER BEAM • MICRO ELECTRO-MECHANICAL • FIBER OPTICAL

4. AGI WIND EQUIPTMENT FUNCTION:- TO DETECT & CALCULATE THE DIRECTION TO WIND WITH RESPECT TO TRUE NORTH & SPEED IN KNOTS. PRINCIPLE:- IT USES FORCE APPLIED BY WIND ON FLY WHEEL & ACOUSTIC RESONANCE TO DETECT.

5. LOG FUNCTION: TO DETECT & CALCULATE SPEED & ACCELERATION OF SHIP. PRINCIPLE:-IT USES PEIZOELECTRIC CRYSTAL TO DETECT THE SPEED.

6. GPS FUNCTION:- TO DETECT THE FOLLOWING PARAMETERS:- • LATITUDE • LONGITUDE • SPEED OVER GROUND • COURSE MADE GOOD FUNCTION: IT USES SATELLITE FEED.

7. NAVIGATIONAL RADAR FUNCTION: IT PERFORMS THE FOLLOWING FUNCTIONS ON BOARD: • NAVIGATION. • COLLOSION DETECTION. • DETECTION OF OBSTRUCTION. • DETECTION OF ICEBERG. • HARBOUR MANEUVERING.

8. ECHO SOUNDER Echo soundingis the technique of using sound pulses to find the depth of water. The interval from the emission of a pulse to reception of its echo is recorded, and the depth calculated from the known speed of propagation of sound through water. This information is then Typically used for navigation purposes or in order to obtain depths for charting purposes.

9. Electronic Steering Gear System Electronic self-steering is controlled by electronics operating according to one or more input sensors, invariably at least a magnetic compass and sometimes wind direction or GPS position versus a chosen waypoint. The electronics module calculates the required steering movement and a drive mechanism (usually electrical, though possibly hydraulic in larger systems) causes the Rudder to move accordingly.

10. AEROSPACE ELECTRONICS TYPES OF ELECTRONIC EQUIPTMENT USED:- • AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL RADAR. • INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM. • GYROSCOPES (STRAP DOWN INS) • RADAR ALTIMETER • GPS • BLACK BOX (FLIGHT DATA & COCKPIT VOICE RECORDER)

11. AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL RADAR FUNCTIONS:- • GROUND CONTROL • AIR CONTROL (TAKE OFF & LANDING) • FLIGHT DATA DELIVERY( CONGESTION) • APPROACH & TERMINAL CONTROL (SAFE HAND OVER)

12. INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM An instrument landing system (ILS) is a ground-based instrument approach system that provides precision guidance to an aircraft approaching and landing on a runway, using a combination of radio signals and, in many cases, high-intensity lighting arrays to enable a safe Landing during instrument meteorological Conditions such as low ceilings or reduced visibility due to fog, rain, or blowing snow.

13. TYPES OF ILS • CATEGORY 1 (CAT1) for 200ft, min 550m • CATEGORY 2 (CAT2) for 100ft, min 350m • CATEGORY 3 (CAT3) TYPES OF CAT3:- • CAT3 A -for less than 100ft, min 200m • CAT3 B -for less than 50 ft, min 50m • CAT3 C -no height, zero visibility

14. GYROSCOPES (STRAP DOWN INS) FUNCTION:- TO DETECT & CALCULATE HEADING,ROLL & PITCH. TYPES OF GYROSCOPES:- • MECHANICAL • RING LASER BEAM • MICRO ELECTRO-MECHANICAL

15. RADAR ALTIMETER A Radar altimeter measures altitude above the terrain presently beneath an aircraft This type of altimeter provides the distance between the plane and the ground directly below it. FMCW Radars which use Doppler effect are used as altimeters.

16. GPS FUNCTION:- TO DETECT THE FOLLOWING PARAMETERS:- • LATITUDE • LONGITUDE • SPEED OVER GROUND • COURSE MADE GOOD FUNCTION: IT USES SATELLITE FEED.

17. BLACK BOX A flight data recorder (FDR) (also ADR, for accident data recorder) is an electronic device employed to record any instructions sent to any electronic systems on an aircraft. It is a device used to record specific aircraft performance parameters. Another kind of flight recorder is the cockpit voice Recorder (CVR), which records conversation in the cockpit, radio communications between the cockpit crew and others (including conversation with air traffic control), as well as ambient sounds. In this both functions have been combined into a single unit.

18. MEDICAL ELECTRONICS • COMPUTER AIDED TOMOGRAPHY • MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING • ULTRASOUND • ELECTRO CARDIOGRAM • DIGITAL X-RAY

19. COMPUTER AIDED TOMOGRAPHY Computed aided tomography (CAT), is a medical imaging technique employing tomography created by computer processing. Digital Geometry Processing is used to generate a three dimensional image of the inside of an object from a large series of two- dimensional X-ray images taken around a single axis of rotation.

20. MAGNETIC RESONACE IMAGING Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a medical imaging technique used in radiology to visualize detailed internal structures. An MRI machine uses a powerful magnetic field to align the magnetization of some atomic nuclei in the body, and radio frequency fields to systematically alter the alignment of this magnetization

21. ULTRASOUND ULTRASOUND is an ultrasound-based diagnostic medical imaging technique used to visualize muscles, tendons, and many internal organs, to capture their size, structure and any pathological lesions with real time tomography images. It uses cyclic sound pressure with a frequency greater than the upper limit of human hearing.

22. ELECTRO CARDIOGRAM ECG is interpretation of the electrical activity of the heart over a period of Time, as detected by electrodes attached to the outer surface of the skin and recorded by a device external to the body.

23. DIGITAL X-RAY Digital X-RAY is a form of X-ray imaging,where digital X-ray sensors are used instead of traditional photographic film. A high-density line-scan solid state detector is composed of a photo stimulable barium fluoro bromide doped with europium (BaFBr:Eu) or caesium Bromide (CsBr) phosphor. The phosphor detector records the X-ray energy during exposure and is scanned by a laser diode to excite the stored energy which is released and read out by a digital image capture array of a CCD.

24. DEFENCE ELECTRONICS • RADARS • MISSILES • ELECTRONIC WARFARE SYSTEM • ECM JAMMERS • ECCM JAMMERS

25. RADARS Radar is an object-detection system which uses radio waves to determine the range, altitude, direction, or speed of objects. The radar dish or antenna transmits pulses of radio waves or microwaves which return back Echo signal for any object in their path.

26. TYPES OF RADARS • Detection and search radars(Surveillance) • Targeting radars (WEAPON GUIDANCE) • Triggers (Radars inside Missiles) • Weather-sensing radar systems • Navigational radars • Mapping radars • Road radar • Radars for biological research

27. MISSILES A missile is a self-propelled guided weapon system. Missiles have five system components:- Detection & guidance radar, motion sensor ,flight control system, engine and warhead.

28. TYPES OF MISSILES • Conventional guided missiles • Cruise missile • Ballistic missile

29. ELECTRONIC WARFARE SYSTEM Electronic warfaresystemrefers to system involving the use of the electromagnetic spectrum or directed radio energy to control the spectrum, attack an enemy, or impede enemy assaults via the spectrum. It includes three major subdivisions: Electronic Attack, Electronic Protection and Electronic Warfare Support.

30. ECM JAMMERS An electronic countermeasure (ECM) Jammer is an electrical or electronic device designed to trick or deceive radar, sonar or other detection systems, like infrared (IR) or lasers. It may be used both offensively and defensively to deny targeting information to an enemy.

31. ECCM JAMMER Electronic counter-countermeasures JAMMER (ECCM) is a part of electronic warfare which includes a variety of practices which attempt to reduce or eliminate the effect of electronic countermeasures (ECM) on electronic sensors aboard vehicles, ships and aircraft and weapons such as missiles.