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The Bones Within Us

The Bones Within Us. Chapter 7. Reminders …. First, Moving up Chapters 9&10 to next week!! Then the following week Forensic Anthro & Ch. 11(primate Behavior) Zoo day Nov.5 th I ’ ll collect money next week Mandatory you roll, Handout next week Exams back at the end of class

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The Bones Within Us

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  1. The Bones Within Us Chapter 7

  2. Reminders…. First, Moving up Chapters 9&10 to next week!! Then the following week Forensic Anthro & Ch. 11(primate Behavior) Zoo day Nov.5th I’ll collect money next week Mandatory you roll, Handout next week Exams back at the end of class Number 28 & 31 free questions Extra credit puzzle today!! Done to pairs of two Today and for the rest of time, things are looking up How’s it going? We are changing some stuff around….

  3. Intro • Bone is living, so it can and does change • Bones are part of an organism’s genotype and phenotype • There is a lot of variation

  4. Functions of the Skeleton • 1. support • 2. protection • 3. movement/leverage • 4. mineral and lipid storage • 5. blood cell formation and storage • Full info on page 136-7

  5. What Can we Tell from Bone? • Age • Sex • Ethnicity??…we will discuss this later as well • Behaviors • Physical activities • Health and diseases

  6. Classification, Development, and Anatomy • 4 main categories: • Long bones: limbs, fingers, toes • Short bones: blocky, cube-shaped bones of wrist/ankle, and sesamoid bones (small bones within joints), kneecap • Flat bones: cranium, shoulder, pelvis, ribs • Irregular bones: vertebrae, facial

  7. Classification, Development, and Anatomy • You can view skeleton 2 ways: • Axial: develops first. Midline structures like skull, vertebrae, ribcage • Appendicular: develops later. Limbs and connections to axial skeleton

  8. Classification, Development, and Anatomy • A bone has to grow for the first 20-30 years of life • Diaphysis (shaft) • Epiphysis (ends) • Articular Cartilage (covers ends)

  9. Anatomical Terminology • Important in discussing or studying bones • 3 imaginary planes: • 1. midsagittal or medial: equal L and R halves • 2. coronal or frontal: front and back • 3. transverse or horizontal: upper and lower • PAGE 138

  10. Anatomical Terminology • Major terms that will help: • Medial • Lateral • Anterior • Posterior • Superior • Inferior • Superficial • Deep • Proximal • Distal • Ventral • Dorsal • Cranial • Caudal • Know these  Page 138

  11. Features of Bone • Human body has 206 bones, so we need to know features to identify which bones are which • Follow along in your lab book

  12. Axial Skeleton Part I: The Skull • Frontal: forehead • Parietal: “walls,” pair with frontal • Temporal: side of head, houses ear holes • Occipital: back of skull, base, by foramen magnum • Maxilla: upper jaw • Mandible: lower jaw • Zygomatics: cheekbones • Nasals: superior to nasal opening • Sphenoid: behind maxilla and in front of temporal • Mastoid process: bulbous knob at bottom of temporal

  13. Axial Skeleton Part I: The Skull • Sutures: PAGE 140-141 • Sagittal: running down midline of head • Coronal: separates frontal from parietals • Squamosal: separates parietal from temporals • Lambdoidal: separates parietal from occipital • Metopic: separates two halves of frontal bone until age 2

  14. Teeth • We are mammals, so we have heterodont dentition • Incisors, canines, premolars, molars • Dental formula is 2:1:2:3 in adult humans • 2:1:0:2 in children’s deciduous teeth • Tooth is made of three parts: crown, neck, root • More dental vocabulary on page 142

  15. Skull Features • Pages 142-43 have pictures of the skull bones and sutures we just learned • Hyoid bone supports the larynx or voice box. It has no articulation.

  16. Axial Skeleton Part II: Vertebrae • Vertebral column has 5 regions • Cervical (7) • Neck; atlas and axis are 1st two and support head • Thoracic (12) • Articulate with ribs • Lumbar (5) • Largest…why? • Sacrum (fused) • Joins with pelvic bones to form pelvic girdle • Coccyx (fused) • “tailbone”

  17. Axial Skeleton Part III: Thorax • Bony thorax protects heart and lungs • Sternum • Manubrium, body, xiphoid process • Ribs • Costal cartilage • 7 top ribs are “true ribs” because they connect to sternum • 8-10 are “false ribs” because they connect with cartilage • 11-12 are “floating ribs” because they connect to nothing

  18. Appendicular Skeleton • Postcranial skeleton • Adapted for bipedalism • Muscle attachments: origin is the site where muscle arises; a muscle pulls toward its origin. Insertion is site where muscle grabs a hold of a second bone.

  19. Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle • Ours is adapted for mobility. Quadrupeds are adapted for stability • Clavicle • S-shaped, collarbone, support and leverage for muscles • Scapula • Shoulder blade, triangular, moves when you move shoulders

  20. Arms • Upper limb articulates with the body at the shoulder joint • Humerus • Upper arm, largest of upper body, round head, trochlea (where ulna fits) • Radius • Forearm, head is shaped like circle, attached to thumb, so rotates • Ulna • Forearm, ulnar notch is shaped like “u”, attached to humerus

  21. Arms • Carpals • Wrist, 8 bones • Hands • Metacarpals (hand) • Phalanges (fingers)

  22. Lower BodyPelvis • Pelvic girdle is made of two pelvic bones (innominate) and the sacrum • Pelvis is useful in determining sex and bipedalism • Innominate is made of three bones • Ilium: wings, illiac crest is your hip bone you can feel • Ischium: part that you sit on • Pubis: pointed bone in front • Acetabulum: large fossa where femur fits in

  23. Legs • Femur • Largest bone in body, complete head, linea aspera, • Patella • Sesamoid bone (formed at a joint), pulley system, kneecap • Tibia • Shin bone, malleolus hangs down on outside, no real distinguishing features • Fibula • Long, skinny bone that attaches to tibia

  24. Legs • Tarsals • Ankle, 7 bones • Foot • Metatarsals (foot) • Phalanges (toes)

  25. Assignment • Lab 7.1 • Self-Test 7.1 (omit #13)

  26. Assignment • Lab 7.2, 7.3 & 7.4 • 1-2 For Lab 7.2 number 1, just find the vertebrae, ribs and sternum and study them/articulate them • Do number 2 Omit 3&4 • Self-Test 7.2, 7.3, 7.4 • Lab 7.3 • Lab 7.4

  27. Bone Challenge • As a table, create a full skeleton from the bones in the boxes • Everyone must participate • Only need 1 cervical, 1 thoracic and 1 lumbar vertebrae • Only need 2 ribs • Make sure bones are connecting correctly • When you are done, I will check it. The first team to do it correctly gets 5 participation points

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