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Chapter 15

Chapter 15. Ocean Water and Ocean Life. Section 15.1. The Composition of Seawater. The Composition of Seawater. Salinity – is the total amount of solid material dissolved in water.

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Chapter 15

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  1. Chapter 15 Ocean Water and Ocean Life

  2. Section 15.1 The Composition of Seawater

  3. The Composition of Seawater Salinity – is the total amount of solid material dissolved in water. • Because the proportion of dissolved substances in seawater is such a small number, oceanographers typically express salinity in parts per thousands. • Most of the salt in seawater is sodium chloride, common table salt.

  4. The Composition of Seawater • Sources of Sea Salt • Chemical weathering of rocks on the continents is one source of elements found in seawater. • The second major source of elements found in seawater is from Earth’s interior. • Volcanic eruptions emitted water vapor and elements – chlorine, bromine, sulfur and boron.

  5. Salts in Seawater

  6. The proportion of dissolved substances in seawater is usually expressed in • Parts per hundred. • Parts per thousand. • Parts per ten thousand. • Parts per million.

  7. Which of the following is a source of dissolved substances in the ocean? • Chemical weathering of rocks • Evaporation of water from the seas and ocean • Excretions from marine organisms • Melting icebergs and sea ice

  8. The Composition of Seawater Salinity • Processes Affecting Salinity • Processes that decrease salinity: • Precipitation • Sea ice melting • Icebergs melting • Runoff from land

  9. The Composition of Seawater Salinity • Processes Affecting Salinity • Processes that increase salinity: • Evaporation • Formation of sea ice

  10. Natural Processes Affecting Salinity

  11. Which does NOT decrease salinity? • Precipitation • Runoff • Evaporation • Ice melting

  12. The Composition of Seawater Ocean Temperature Variation • The ocean’s surface water temperature varies with the amount of solar radiation received, which is primarily a function of latitude. • Temperature Variation with Depth • The thermocline is the layer of ocean water between about 300 meters and 1000 meters where there is a rapid change of temperature with depth. • The thermocline is a very important structure because it creates a barrier to marine life.

  13. Variations in Ocean Surface Temperature

  14. Variations in OceanWater Temperature

  15. The Composition of Seawater Ocean Density Variation • Density is defined as mass per unit volume. It can be thought of as a measure of how heavy something is for its size. • Factors Affecting Seawater Density • Seawater density is influenced by two main factors: salinity and temperature.

  16. The Composition of Seawater Ocean Density Variation • Density Variation with Depth • Thepycnocline is the layer of ocean water between about 300 meters and 1000 meters where there is a rapid change of density with depth.

  17. Variation in Ocean Water Density

  18. Differing amounts of solar radiation across Earth’s latitude affect the ocean’s • Salinity in the thermocline. • Density at the surface. • Temperature at the surface. • Density in the thermocline.

  19. Which of the following occurs when the ocean’s salinity increases? • Density increases • Density decreases • Temperature increases • Temperatures decreases

  20. Which of the following occurs when temperature decreases? • Density decreases • Density increases • Salinity increases • Nothing happens

  21. The layer of ocean water between 300 meters and 1000 meters where there is a rapid change in density. • Thermocline • Transition zone • Pycnocline • Deep zone

  22. The Composition of Seawater Ocean Layering • Oceanographers generally recognize a three-layered structure in most parts of the open ocean: a shallow surface mixed zone, a transition zone, and a deep zone. • Does not exist in high latitudes because there is no rapid change in temp or density. • Surface Zone • Shallow (300 to 450 meters) • Zone of mixing • Sun-warmed zone

  23. The Composition of Seawater Ocean Layering 2. Transition Zone • Between surface layer and deep zone • Thermocline and pycnocline 3. Deep Zone • Sunlight never reaches this zone. • Temperatures are just a few degrees above freezing. • Constant high-density water

  24. Ocean Zones

  25. Which of these is NOT one of the three layers of the ocean? • Photic zone • Surface zone • Transition zone • Deep zone

  26. Where would you not find this three-layered structure of the open ocean? • High latitudes • Low latitudes • Deep ocean zone • Intertidal zone

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