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Distilling air

Distilling air. CHEM 114 Fundamental Chemistry. Making sulfur. CHEM 114 Fundamental Chemistry. Sulfur. CHEM 114 Fundamental Chemistry. Sulfur oxides and oxoanions. :. :. :. :. :. :. SO 2. S. O. :. :. :. :. O. :. :. :. :. :. :. :. :. :. :. O. S. O. :. :. :. SO 3.

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Distilling air

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  1. Distilling air CHEM 114 Fundamental Chemistry

  2. Making sulfur CHEM 114 Fundamental Chemistry

  3. Sulfur CHEM 114 Fundamental Chemistry

  4. Sulfur oxides and oxoanions : : : : : : SO2 S O : : : : O : : : : : : : : : : O S O : : : SO3 : : O : CHEM 114 Fundamental Chemistry

  5. Sulfur CHEM 114 Fundamental Chemistry

  6. Oxygen and the chalogens Oxygen is a paramagnetic gas. There is also O3 (ozone). Three categories of oxides: O2–, O22– and O22–. Parent compound of O22– is H2O2, a weak acid (hydrogen peroxide). Halides; OF2; the rest we’ll consider as oxides. • Elemental sulfur has many forms. • Gas: S2, S3 and S4 molecules. • Liquid sulfur: mostly S2 at high temperature, mostly S8 and chains at low temperature. • Solid sulfur; several forms of S8, also ‘plastic’ sulfur and helical sulfur. Oxides: SO2 and SO3, as well as some minor lower valent oxides. SO2 hydrates to H2SO3. SO3 hydrates to H2SO4 Halides: S2F2, SF4, SF6; SnCl2, SCl4 (unstable); SnBr2; S2I2 (unstable) • Elemental selenium has three stable allotropes. • Red: several crystalline forms, all Se8 • Black: amorphous • Grey: metallic CHEM 114 Fundamental Chemistry Oxides: SeO2 and SeO3 (less stable) as well as some minor lower valent oxides. SeO2 hydrates to H2SeO3. SeO3 hydrates to H2SeO4 Halides: SeF4, SeF6; SeCl2,Se2Cl2, SeCl4; Se2Br2. Tellurium: silvery white semi-metal, photoconductive.

  7. Halogens CHEM 114 Fundamental Chemistry

  8. Fluorides and oxides CHEM 114 Fundamental Chemistry

  9. Hydrogen and halogen halides HCl, HBr and HI are all strong acids. HF is a weak acid; the H–F bond is so strong, H–F protonates another H–F instead of water, giving H+ + HF2– Also: BrF, BrF3, BrF5 IF decomposes to give I2 + IF5 IF3 decomposes to give IF5 CHEM 114 Fundamental Chemistry IF7

  10. Halogen oxoacids Oxides: Cl2O, Cl2O3 (explosive), ClO2 (quite stable, paramagnetic), Cl2O4, Cl2O5 Cl2O4 is [Cl]+[ClO4]– in the solid. Cl2O6 is [ClO2]+[ClO4]– in the solid, Cl2O6 in the gas. Cl2O7 is anhydrous perchloric acid CHEM 114 Fundamental Chemistry I2O4 is [IO]+[IO3]–, I2O5 , I4O9 is I(IO3)3

  11. Electrode potentials CHEM 114 Fundamental Chemistry

  12. Noble gases CHEM 114 Fundamental Chemistry

  13. Xenon fluorides CHEM 114 Fundamental Chemistry

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