Enzymes

1. Enzymes Are made of Effected by Mechanism They function as Where substrate binds Causes forming To Leads to forms Which will • Build bonds (molecules) • Break break (molecules) • Protein • Temperature • Lock and Key • pH • Substrate enzyme complex • catalyst • Products • Active site • Denaturation • Loss of function • Reduce activation energy OR

2. Organic Chemicals • Word Bank • Carbon • Molecules • 4 covalent bonds • Straight chains • Branched chains • Rings • Living things Molecules found in That contain the element Can form up to Can With different shapes such as

3. Dehydration Synthesis (Condensation Reaction) Hydrolysis Is how larger molecules are Is how larger molecules are • Removing water • Polymers • Monomers • Adding water • Built up • Broken down • Starch glucose+ glucose+ glucose • Glucose + fructose  sucrose. by by So bonds can be made between So bonds in Are broken down into To build up for example For example

4. Carbohydrates Foods Contains the elements Used for At a ratio of Different levels of complexity Means 1 sugar Means 2 sugars Means many sugar examples examples examples v v v v v v v Found in arthropods for Found in plants for Found in plants for Found in animals for v v v v • Monosaccharide • Cellulose • Disaccharide • Cell wall • Polysaccharide • Glucose • CHO • Lactose • Bread • 1:2:1 • Fruit • Veggies • Structure • Energy • Galactose • chitin • Short term energy storage • Grains • Fructose • Glycogen • Sugar • Starch • Sucrose • Exoskeleton

5. Are used for foods Lipids 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. All lipids are Contain the elements (Which means they do not mix with water) v 3 groups or classes of lipids are v Made of have 4 fused rings and makes up Used for making v and v v v v Which can be v v Component of Examples Examples v v v Liquid at room temp and contains Solid at room temp, and contains If there is too much it can clog v v v v can also be used to make Examples v v v

6. Lipid word bank: • Oils • Dressings • Triglyceride • CHO • Hydrophobic • DHEA • Steroids • Cholesterol • Insulation • lard • Cell membranes • Waterproofing • Protection • Testosterone • Forms other steroids • Unsaturated • Butter • Waxes • Fatty acids • Estrogen • Saturated • Long term energy storage • Hormone • Component of cell membrane • fats • Avacado • Nuts • Phospholipids • Glycerol • No double bonds between the carbons • Arteries • At least one double bond between the carbons • Cell membrane

7. Foods Shape of protein determines Proteins 1. 2. 3. Used for Contains the elements 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. When the shape changes it is called Made up of Which can be caused by Which have the following chemical structure 1. 2. Organized into 4 levels of structure Build up by forming 1° To make polypeptides which can then form The “R” group is the variable side group 2° v 3° 4°

8. Word bank for proteins: • Peptide bonds • 20 amino acids • Proteins • Meat • Hormones (chemical signals) • Denature • Folding of amino acids (alpha helix and beta sheets) • pH • Immune System components (antibodies) • Folding of helixes and sheets onto themselves • Structure (hair and muscles) • Dairy • Eggs • C, H, O, N, S • The joining together of two or more tertiary structures • Function • Temperature • Enzymes • Order of amino acids • Determines how the protein will fold • -

9. Test for Organic Molecules Use indicators To Test for Mixed with Will dissolve in On paper it will Positive results Negative results Mixed with Mixed with Negative results + Positive results it will • Word Bank • Biuret Solution • Heat for 5 min • Orange • Proteins • Stain red • Make it look waxy • Purple • brown Positive results Negative results • Blue • Benedict’s Solution • Starch • Simple monosaccharaides • Iodine • Blue/black • Lipids • Sudan IV • Ethanol