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Miracle transforming into a Reality?: Emergence of China on Global Research Map. Varun Arora Active Research Group, APS, Lucknow (India) Kapil Loomba, Tarun Arora, Anjum Abrar. Changing Scenario of Scientific articles and co-authorship.
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Miracle transforming into a Reality?: Emergence of China on Global Research Map Varun Arora Active Research Group, APS, Lucknow (India) Kapil Loomba, Tarun Arora, Anjum Abrar
Source: OECD calculations, based on Scopus Custom Data, Elsevier, December 2009.
Changing World: Changing Roles • The world is changing and has come a leap forward from the years of cold-wars. • Competency of a nation in world order is determined not by its military power but by its economic power. • Even military power survives on the economic power.
Need for Innovation • Innovations are leading the life – innovations help in enriching quality of life, they make life simpler and more meaningful. • Innovations replace the old with new ones. • Innovations are opportunity to show the one’s abilities. • In a diversified market scenario innovations ensure a niche if not entire market.
Quantum of Research in China(Based on Economies of Scale model) • Taking cue from the success in manufacturing using Economies of Scale model, China has taken a giant leap in number of research publications during the last 15 years. • According to the Nature Asia-Pacific Publishing Index, Japan, with 232 articles in Nature and its group of publications comes first, followed by Australia with 98 articles and China with 93 articles.
Quantum of Research in China(Based on Economies of Scale model) • In terms of authorship (author + coauthor), the number of authors from China in papers published in the Nature group of journals is greater compared with Australia. • The giant leap in scientific research publication according to Nature group of publications, the number of Chinese research papers in its publications has shown a 30-fold rise during the period 1998-2009.
Chinese Mantra: Determination is key • The poor Republic of China started attempting to build nuclear weapons in 1955. • The entire world decried the attempt citing Chinese limitations. • Within a span of 9 years – China had nuclear weapons of its own. • Compared to that the Manhattan Project took nearly seven years and 130,000 people and cost nearly US$2 billion (roughly equivalent to $25.8 billion as of 2012) to build first nuclear weapon.
China – New Research Player • China has a long tradition of setting research (and development) priorities, as expressed in the Medium and Long-Term Plan for Science and Technology (MLP), the Five-Year Plan for Science and Technology (FYP) and the National Science and Technology Programmes (guojia keji jihua). • The current MLP for 2006-2020 encourages indigenous innovation (zizhu chuangxin), to raise gross expenditure on R&D (GERD) of the gross domestic product (GDP) to 2.5% by 2020 from 1.30% in 2005.
Research Priorities of China • 68 priority themes in the 11 priority fields; • 16 mega-engineering projects in advanced numeric-controlled machinery and basic manufacturing technology; control and treatment of AIDS, hepatitis and other major diseases; core electronic components, high-end generic chips and basic software; drug innovation and development; and extra large-scale integrated circuit manufacturing and techniques.
Research Priorities of China • Eight cutting-edge technological areas: biotechnology, IT, new materials technology, advanced manufacturing technology, advanced energy, marine technologies, laser and aerospace technology. • Eight cutting-edge scientific areas: cognitive science, deep structure of matter, core mathematical themes, Earth system processes and resources, environmental and disaster effects, the chemistry of creation and transformation of matter, quantitative study of the process of life and systems integration and condensed matter and new effects - scientific experiments and observation methods, techniques and equipment innovation.
Research Priorities of China • Four mega-science projects in protein research, quantum modulation research, nanoscience, growth and reproduction. • The eighth and latest plan (2006-2020) of China is also known as National Science & Technology Strategic Plan
Research System in China • Mainly Public Sector • 3,901 public research institutes (PRIs) (as of 2005) • 563,151 employees • The intramural R&D expenditure of these institutes is RMB 51.31 billion • 58 State Key labs • Universities • 1,792 universities and colleges • 678 have R&D activities • 49 have science parks • 95 State Key Labs (as of 2005)
Research System in China • Industrial R&D • 6,775 corporate R&D labs • 248,813 small firms, of which 22,307 with S&T activities.
National R&D Programmes (coordinated by Ministry of Science and Technology) • Three core programmes • Two group programmes • The Mega-Engineering Project and Mega-Science Project were introduced into the national R&D programme system following the MLP in 2006.
State Propelled Research • China has intensified its investment in research and development in recent years. Spending has grown by 20% annually since 1999, and has now reached more than US$100 billion a year. • The Chinese government has urged scientists to publish in highly respected English-language journals, offering promotions and other rewards as incentives; and many Chinese universities have attempted to boost their rankings in the Shanghai Jiao Tong University's world university table, which is weighted heavily towards articles published in Science and Nature.
Opaque • The [Chinese] system is non-transparent and difficult to study.” -Magnus Breidne, Swedish Science Technology Attaché in China. From “Research Priorities with Chinese Characteristic”
Limitations • Focus on publication rather than actual research. • Applied areas are remaining untouched and have no impact on life. • No industrial partnership in research. • Lack of transparency
SWOT ANALYSIS • Strength: China is emerging as a major research player with increasing number of publications, a growing economy to finance the research and a large domestic market and proven logistics to transform the academic research into commercial opportunity.
SWOT ANALYSIS • Weaknesses: Focus on quantity and not on quality, plagiarism, lack of originality, unethical practices.
SWOT ANALYSIS • Opportunities: The changing world economic order and changing trade relationships, availability of large manufacturing facilities to convert academic research into a commercial success.
SWOT ANALYSIS • Threat – New emerging research players like Brazil and India. Increasing cost of manpower with increasing prosperity.
END NOTE • China has an intense desire to establish as a recognized research player. • Taking cue from the success of economies of scale – the focus is currently on quantity. • However, there is bound to be an increase in “intent to research” and growing criticism of quality is an eye-opener for future. • China has proven time and again that determination is the key. • The dragon is ready to spit the fire!!!
