Journal:

1. Journal: • If you knew you only had one day to live what would you do?

2. The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962

3. “What Happened at the Bay of Pigs?” 1. According to the reading, the idealism of the Peace Corps covered up what? 2. What was the goal of La Brigada/The Brigade? 3. How was the Mafia involved in the Bay of Pigs? 4. Why did the rebels that made up La Brigada come to the US? 5. Identify at least four mistakes made by the US during the Bay of Pigs invasion. How could they have been avoided? 6. Why did Kennedy not want to send in more troops? Was this a good decision or bad decision? Why?

4. What was the background to the events in Cuba? • Cuba, small island, 160 km from coast of Florida • US ally, US businesses & US military base (Guantanamo) • 1959, Fidel Castro overthrows Battista (US-backed dictator), establishing Communist government. Why was Cuba so important to the Americans?

5. The CIA and Covert Operations • Created by the National Security Act of 1947 • During the Cold War CIA covert operations became the “hidden hand”of U.S. foreign policy. (Containment) • Covert Operations: military or political activity performed in secrecy that would break specific laws or compromise policy in another country. • Covert operations are almost always illegal in the target state and are sometimes in violation of the laws of the country that perpetrates them. • The main reason: The Cold War & nuclear balance limited direct military actions • Covert operations during the cold war created significant resentment towards the United States in 3rd world countries.

6. Paris, 1961 Khrushchev & JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation. Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young, inexperienced, and can be rolled.

7. How successful were early attempts at ‘containment’? • Castro takes over US businesses • January 1961, US breaks off diplomatic relations • April, 1961, Bay of Pigs – 1,400 anti-Cuban exiles attempted to overthrow Castro • Autumn 1962, Cuba has received 1000s of USSR missiles, jets, boats & personnel The US committed $100 million to overthrowing Castro, the CIA tried to sabotage the economy, they even planned to send him an exploding cigar! Why did they go to such lengths after April 1961?

8. Why was the USSR interested in helping Cuba? • Cuba was a new Communist state • Cuba provided a launch base for USSR inter-continental missiles(ICMs) • Khrushchev wanted to test strength of new US president, JFK • Khrushchev wanted to force JFK into bargaining over US missile in Europe

9. What happened during the October Crisis? • 14 October 1962, US U2 spy plane takes photos of suspected USSR missile sites on Cuba • Sites nearing completion, experts believe they could be ready in 7 days • US spy planes identify 20 Soviet ships bound for Cuba carrying missiles

11. What happened during the October Crisis? • 20 October, Kennedy decides to blockade Cuba • 22 October, Kennedy publicly calls on Khrushchev to remove weapons

12. What happened during the October Crisis? • 23 October Khrushchev refuses to acknowledge blockade or presence of Soviet missiles on Cuba • 24 October, 1st Soviet ships (accompanied by submarine) approach 800 km exclusion zone

13. What happened during the October Crisis? • 24 October, 10:32 am, Soviet ships stop and turn round • 25 October, aerial photos show continued construction of missile sites • 26 October, Kennedy receives another letter offering to negotiate over missiles in Cuba with removal of blockade and US invasion threat • 27 October, Kennedy receives second letter calling for withdrawal of US missiles in Turkey too

14. What happened during the October Crisis? • 27 October, US U2 plane shot down over Cuba & pilot killed.Kennedy decides to ignore second letter, but accepts terms of 1st letter • 28 October, Khrushchev agrees to dismantle Soviet missiles in Cuba

15. Soviet Decisions • Motivations • Close the missile gap—Currently far behind U.S. in terms of number of missiles • Verbal threats no longer effective with overwhelming evidence of U.S. superiority • Protect Cuba • Reciprocity: The U.S. has missiles pointing at us, let’s see how they feel now • Inability to use the missiles • If fired a missile, repercussions would be severe

16. The American Decision • In September Kennedy had stated and Congress had passed a resolution saying that if the Soviet Union placed offensive weapons in Cuba we would not tolerate it. • Could we then rely solely on diplomacy? Kennedys thought John could be “impeached” if he didn’t act in accordance with his prior warnings • Determined in first 48 hours of crisis that the removal of missiles was the primary objective • This objective effectively ruled out isolated diplomacy, and left two options…

17. The American Decision cont. • Option 2 – Blockade • Advocated early on by McNamara and Robert Kennedy, blockade would not require instant killing, but critics feared it would not remove the missiles and would allow Soviets time to complete what they already had in Cuba • Douglas Dillon strengthened blockade argument by suggesting that it would only be a first step, that if Khrushchev did not remove the missiles to lift it, then more could be done • By Friday the 19th, the committee working on the blockade adapted it into a “quarantine” (blockade is an act of war), on Sunday Kennedy accepted their plan as the course of action

18. Why Khrushchev Settled • Effectiveness of naval quarantine • Conventional inferiority in the Caribbean • No possible countermove • Overwhelming world support for the U.S. • Other possible reasons • Got what he wanted? • No U.S. invasion of Cuba • U.S. missiles withdrawn from Turkey

19. What was the outcome of the crisis? • Cuba remained Communist & heavily armed (without nuclear missiles) • Both leaders didn’t lose face and came away with concessions • Helped renew the thaw – world saw the futility of M.A.D. • Permanent hotline between White House & Kremlin set up • Supported theory of containment & co-existence because alternatives unimaginable