World War I and Its Aftermath

1. World War I and Its Aftermath Section 1: The United States Enters World War I Section 2: The Home Front Section 3: A Bloody Conflict Section 4: The War’s Impact Standards: 3.5, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 3.10

2. Section 1: The United States Enters World War I • Woodrow Wilson’s Diplomacy • Opposed Imperialism • Promotion of democracy • The Mexican Revolution • Victoriano Huerta seized power • Wilson Sends Troops Into Mexico • American sailors arrested in Tampico for entering a restricted area (quickly released) • When Mexican government refused to apologize for the arrests gave Wilson reason to overthrow Huerta • Anti-American riots broke out in Mexico • Wilson accepted international mediation • Venustiano Caranza, becomes Mexican president

3. Pancho Villa • Guerrilla warfare • General John J. Pershing • Invaded Mexico to try to apprehend Villa • Wilson’s policy damaged US foreign relations • Sent marines into Nicaragua, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic to preserve order as an attempt to build stable governments • The Outbreak of World War I • The Alliance System • Triple Alliance • Germany • Italy • Austria-Hungary

4. The Naval Race • Triple Entente • Great Britain • Russia • France • The Balkan Crisis • Nationalism: a feeling of intense pride in one’s homeland • Self-determination: the idea that people who belong to a nation should have their own country and government • Serbs, Bosnians, Croats, Slovenes • Russia supported the Serbs in independence • Austria-Hungary had no intention of allowing the Slavic people to be independent • A Continent Goes to War • Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife, Sophia assassinated in Sarajevo by Bosnian revolutionary, Gavrilo Princip, part of the “Black Hand” group • Austro-Hungarian government blamed Serbia for the attack • Got Germany to support them against Russia in case of war • Austria-Hungary issued ultimatum to Serbian government • Austria declared war on Serbia • Russia mobilizes troops • Germany declared war on Russia

5. Germany’s Plan Fails • Massive attack on France • Went through Belgium which was protected in its neutrality by Britain • Germany’s movement through Belgium brings Britain into war • Allies, those who fought for the Triple Entente • France, Russia, Great Britain formed the backbone • Central Powers • Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria • Battle of the Marne • Stopped German advance into France • American Neutrality • Americans Take Sides • Public opinion favored Allied cause

6. Pro-British Sentiment • Wilson’s cabinet very Pro-British • Secretary of State, William Jennings Bryan favored neutrality • British vie for American support • Propaganda: information designed to influence • Allies and Central Powers used propaganda • German propaganda anti-Russian and didn’t appeal to Americans • British propaganda better • British cut transatlantic telegraph cable from Europe to US, limiting news about the war to mostly British reports • Questionable reports of German atrocities in the battlefield such as using bodies for making fertilizer and soap • Business Links • East Coast strong links with Allied countries • Midwest had strong pro-German feelings • All foreign loans had to be approved by Secretary of Treasury, William McAdoo, who was pro-British and limited loans to Germany

7. Moving Toward War • The British Blockade • Planted mines in the North Sea • Forced inspections on neutral ships • Expanded definition of contraband (prohibited materials) in order to stop other countries from sending supplies (and food) to Germany • Germany begins using U-boats to sink any ship heading to Britain • Triggered outrage in US and elsewhere • Meant attack on civilian ships without warning • Violation of international treaty to warn and protect • Lusitania, a British passenger liner entered the war zone, German subs fired on it, killing 1200 passengers, including 128 Americans • Many Americans called it an act of terrorism not war • Others said that traveling in the war zone was done at one’s own risk • Wilson vows to stay out of war • German U-boat fires on Sussex, a French passenger ship • Sussex Pledge: Germany promised not to fire on merchant ships without warning • Wilson gets re-elected “He kept us out of the war”

8. The United States Declares War • Zimmerman telegram • German official, Arthur Zimmerman, sends a telegram to the German Ambassador in Mexico proposing that Mexico ally itself with Germany • Mexico would regain “lost territory in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona” • British intelligence intercepted the telegram • Telegram was leaked to American newspapers • Many Americans begin calling for war with Germany • Germany resumes U-boat attacks • Between Feb. 3 and March 21, U-boats sank six American merchant ships without warning • President calls special session of Congress • Congress declares war on Germany April 6, 1917

9. Section 2: The Home Front • Building Up the Military • Selective Service • Conscription: forced military service • Draft through lottery • 2.8 million American males drafted • 2 million others volunteered • African Americans in the War • Nearly 400,000 drafted • About 42,000 served overseas as combat troops • Faced discrimination and prejudice in the army • Segregated units • Supervised by white officers • Fought with distinction • 92nd and 93rd Infantry Divisions on the Western Front • Won praise from French commander, Marshal Henri Pétain and US commander, General John Pershing • The entire 369th Infantry Division won the Croix de Guerre (war cross) for gallantry in combat

10. Women in the Military • Nurses for both Army and Navy • Clerical workers • Wore standard uniforms • Navy enlisted women they were ranked yeomen • By end of war 11,000 women had served in the navy • Clerical • Radio operators • Electricians • Pharmacists • Photographers • Chemists • Torpedo assemblers • Army did not enlist women • Hired as temporary employees to fill clerical positions • Army Nursing Corps • Over 20,000 nurses served in the army during the war • More than 10,000 served overseas

11. Organizing Industry • War Industries Board (WIB) • Coordinated production of war materials • Bernard Baruch appointed to run WIB • Told manufacturers what they could and could not produce • Controlled raw materials • Ordered construction of new factories • With presidential approval set prices • Food and Fuel • Food Administration • Herbert Hoover • Increase food production/decrease consumption • “Food Will Win the War- Don’t Waste It” • “Hooverize” by “serving just enough” • Wheatless Mondays, Meatless Tuesdays, Porkless Thursdays • Victory Gardens • Daylight savings time to save energy • Heatless Mondays to save energy

12. Paying for the War • Liberty Bonds • Victory Bonds • By buying bonds Americans were essentially loaning the government money • Paid back bonds with interest in a specific number of years • Buying bonds was an act of patriotism • Mobilizing the Workforce • National War Labor Board (NWLB) • Chaired by W.H. Taft and Frank Walsh • Attempted to mediate labor disputes to avoid strikes • Pressured industry to grant concessions, including wage increases, 8-hour workdays, right for unions to organize and bargain collectively • Unions agreed not to disrupt war production with strikes

13. Women Support Industry • Filled jobs vacated by men serving in the military • Factories and manufacturing jobs • Shipping and railroads • The Great Migration Begins • Immigration from Europe cut off • African Americans leave South to the Northern cities • 300,000-500,000 African Americans move from Southern states to Northern cities • Changed racial populations of cities such as Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, and New York • Mexican Americans Head North • Due to political turmoil and wartime labor shortage • Over 100,000 Mexicans migrated into Texas, Arizona, California and New Mexico, providing labor on farms and ranches in the Southwest • Mexican Americans head to Chicago, St. Louis, Omaha, and other cities to take wartime jobs • Faced discrimination and hostility • Settled in barrios where they could support one another

14. Ensuring Public Support • Selling the War • Committee on Public Information • George Creel recruited advertising execs, commercial artists, authors, songwriters, entertainers, public speakers, and motion picture companies to help sway public opinion • “four-minute speeches” patriotic talks • Supported buying bonds • Turning in draft dodgers • Support the war • Civil Liberties Curtailed • Espionage: spying to acquire secret government information • Espionage Act of 1917 • Penalized disloyalty • Giving false reports • Interfering with war effort • Giving aid to the enemy • Sedition Act of 1918 • Illegal to publicly oppose the war or criticize the president • 1500 prosecutions, 1000 convictions

15. A Climate of Suspicion • “Liberty Cabbage” • “Salisbury Steak” • Dropped German language classes • Orchestras stopped performing Schubert, Wagner and other German composers • Lynching in Collinsville, IL • German-born man lynched on suspicion of disloyalty to US • Mobs attacked labor activists, socialists, and pacifists • Newspaper ads asked people to monitor their neighbors • People formed private organizations • American Protective League • The Boy Spies of America • The Supreme Court Limits Free Speech • “Clear and present danger” curbs free speech in Schenck vs. the US • Can’t yell “Fire” in a crowded theater

16. Section 3: A Bloody Conflict • Combat in WWI • Trench Warfare • “no man’s land” • New Technology • Poison gas • Gas masks • Tanks • Airplanes • Observation at first then small bombs • Attached machine guns for “dogfights” • The Americans and Victory • Doughboys: nickname for inexperienced American soldiers • Winning the War at Sea • Convoys: merchant ships and troop transports were surrounded by warships to insure safe passage

17. Russia Leaves the War • Scarcity of food and fuel • Czar Nicholas II abdicated his throne • Bolsheviks and Vladimir Lenin • Communist takeover of Russia • Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany • Russia lost a substantial amount of territory (Ukraine, Polish and Baltic territories and Finland) • Removed German troops from Russian lands • The German Offensive Falters • American troops capture Cantigny • French troops block Germans from entering Château-Thierry • American and French troops stop Germans from entering Paris

18. The Battle of the Argonne Forest • American win • The War Ends • Revolution engulfs Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Turks surrender • People of Berlin revolt and force German emperor to step down • At the 11th hour on the 11th day of the 11th month (11/11/1918) fighting stopped • Germany signs armistice (ceasefire) • A Flawed Peace • “Big Four” • President Wilson, British prime minister David Lloyd George, French premier Georges Clemenceau, and Italian prime minister Vittorio Orlando enter peace conference; Germany was not invited • Wilson’s Fourteen Points • A way to peace • League of Nations

19. The Treaty of Versailles • Reparations: war damages • $33 MILLION DOLLARS • Germany could not possibly pay that • Required Germany take full responsibility for war • War resulted in the dissolution of four empires: • Russian Empire • Ottoman Empire • German Empire • Austria-Hungary • Nine new countries are formed including, Yugoslavia, Poland, and Czechoslovakia

20. The US Senate Rejects the Treaty • “the Irreconcilables” • Against the League of Nations • May supersede power of Congress • May force US into other foreign conflicts • “Reservationists” • Supported the League but would only ratify the treaty if amendments were made to preserve a nation’s right to freedom and independent action • Wilson takes it to the People • Strain too much for him • Traveled 8000 miles in 3 weeks • Collapsed in Colorado • Suffered a stroke upon return to White House • Senate refused to ratify Treaty

21. Section 4: The War’s Impact • An Economy in Turmoil • Cost of living: the cost of food, clothing, shelter, and essentials people need to survive • Inflation Leads to Strikes • Owners try to break unions • The Seattle General Strike • 35,000 shipyard workers walk off jobs • Higher wages, shorter hours • General strike: one that involves all workers living in an area, not just those on a particular job or industry • The Boston Police Strike • 75% of officers walk off jobs • Calvin Coolidge sends in the National Guard • Police Commissioner fires all strikers when they return to work • The Steel Strike • 350,000 workers went on strike wanting higher pay, shorter hours, and recognition of the union • Elbert H. Gary, US Steel, refused to talk to union leaders • Blamed strike on immigrants • Company hired African Americans and Mexicans to replace strikers • End of strike left 18 strikers dead • Ended union until 1937

22. Racial Unrest • Chicago • 20+ race riots just in summer of 1919 • Worst was at an all white beach, both sides threw rocks and stones at an African American teen to hinder him coming ashore, he drowned • Led to whites attacking African American neighborhoods and African Americans attacking white neighborhoods • Lasted almost 2 weeks • 38 people died (23 black, 15 white, over 500 injured) • The Red Scare • Anti-Communist Movement • Communist International: an organization for coordinating the activities of Communist parties in countries other than the Soviet Union • The Red Scare Begins • Post office intercepts 30 packages with bombs in them • The Palmer Raids • Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) headed by J. Edgar Hoover • Deported thousands of suspects • Disregarded civil liberties • Searched without warrants • Mistreated and jailed people for long periods without counsel

23. An End of Progressivism • Economic problems • Labor unrest • Racial tensions • Disillusionment in US • Warren G. Harding’s platform “Normalcy” Review for Test