Elisa Dumitrescu United Nations Environment Programme/ Partnership for Clean Fuels and Vehicles

1. The Partnership for Clean Fuels and Vehicles (PCFV) Elisa Dumitrescu United Nations Environment Programme/ Partnership for Clean Fuels and Vehicles

2. Air pollution: health effects Premature Deaths Cancer Developmental Effects Hospitalization Asthma Attacks and Bronchitis

3. Urban air pollution a key issue • WHO estimates more than 1 billion people exposed to outdoor air exceeding maximum recommended levels • 800,000 deaths each year due to urban air pollution; • Local and global effects (climate change, trans-boundary air pollution)

4. Urban Air Pollution Around the World • In US almost half of urban residents exposed to harmful levels of ozone • In Nairobi, Kenya, lead levels in atmosphere are more than 25 times as high as WHO standards • In CEE USD 1.2 billion in working time lost to illness • But also global impacts: transport sector key to CO2 emissions

5. Socio-Economic Costs • Lost working days, health costs, damage to property, reduced agricultural yield, and loss of tourism revenue; developmental damage to children caused by lead poisoning; • Cost of urban air pollution estimated to be 2% of GDP in developed countries and more than 5% in developing countries (e.g. 7% China, to rise to 13% by 2020); • 4 to 6 percent of urban income in developing countries; • Particulate matter: 2 - 5 percent of all deaths in developing country cities are attributed to exposure to high levels of fine particles.

6. Emissions Reductions • Vehicles, both gasoline and diesel, emit significant amounts of fine particles, carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulphur oxides, and in some cases lead particles; • Lower-sulphur and lead-free fuels reduce emissions of pollutants themselves; • And allow the use of clean vehicle technologies such as catalytic converters, which can further reduce pollutants by over 90%.

7. Partnership for Clean Fuels and Vehicles (PCFV) • Set up at the World Summit on Sustainable Development, August 2002 • To promote clean fuels and vehicles to address urban air quality • Public/Private Partnership • Clearing-House at UNEP Headquarters in Nairobi, Kenya

8. Industry Governments PCFV - Partners • NGOs • Int. Organisations

9. PCFV Objectives • The Partnership provides support to transitional • and developing countries to improve fuel quality • and adopt cleaner vehicle technologies, with an • initial focus on: • The elimination of lead in gasoline and the phase down of sulphurin diesel and gasoline fuels, • concurrent with the adoption of cleaner vehicle technologies(catalytic converters, diesel retrofits, modern engine technology). • website: www.unep.org/pcfv

10. Objective 1: Lead in Gasoline • Lead is added to gasoline to enhance octane • Lead has severe health effects • Blocks clean vehicles technologies, esp. introduction catalytic converters • Alternatives available • Lead phase out world wide

11. Lead pollution: health effects • Toxicity already at low level (no safe NAEL) • Developmental problems (IQ, growth, hearing, specific for children) • Several organs effected • Malnourished particularly at high risk • Restricts the mental development of children (loss of IQ); 1ug/dl – 0.25-0.5 IQ point • For each 10ug/dl – height decrease by 1 cm

12. Leaded gasoline: Health Effects (example Egypt) • Estimated annual health effects: • Heart Attacks - 6,500 to 11,600 • Strokes - 800 to 1,400 • Premature Deaths (Adults) - 6,300 to 11,100 • Infant Deaths - ~820 • Average IQ Loss in Children - 4.25 Points • Egypt went unleaded

13. Hungary: declining blood lead levels after decrease of lead in petrol Lead levels in petrol in Hungary: 1985: 0.7 grams/ liter 1995: 0.15 grams per liter current EU level: .005 g/l Lead contents in gasoline (g/l) Blood Lead Level (µg/dl) 1985 1985 1995 1995

14. Regional Status of Leaded Petrol Phase-Out

15. Objective 2: Sulphur in fuels • sulphur levels in crude oil differ per region, and thus sulfur levels in fuels differ • Health effects and environment effects • levels/regulations differ between 10,000 ppm and less than 25 ppm • need for lower sulfur levels for modern engines and emissions technology

16. Sulphur: Health Effects • Sulphur and Particulate problems • Sulphur: bronchitis, asthma • Damage to plants and buildings • Particulate Matter: Cardio-respiratory problems and some constituents of fine particulate matter, such as diesel smoke, are carcinogenic

17. Sulphur: Health Effects of PM 2.5 (example Europe) Loss in average expected statistical life expectancy due to identified anthropogenic PM2.5 (in months) Avg. 9 months of life expectancy lost 386,000 premature deaths annually due to PM

18. Engine Life vs. Sulfur Levels in Diesel Vehicles going from 10,000 to 5,000 ppm sulphur diesel, engine life is expected to increase with 50%

19. Regional Status of Sulphur in Diesel

20. Objective 3: Clean Vehicles • Need to see fuels and vehicles as a combination: certain vehicles need certain fuels and the other way around • - Vehicles - Options: • No or ultra low emission vehicles • Conventional vehicles • Retrofit vehicles

21. Clean Vehicles - continued • Vehicles - Options: • 1- No or ultra low emission • vehicles hybrids , hydrogen • 2- Conventional vehicles • modern engines, catalytic • converters • 3- Retrofit vehicles • esp. diesel technology; • diesel traps (fuels needs?)

22. Growth in Passenger Cars, EU & CEE (1980 – 2000) Passenger Cars per 1000 Inhabitants Rate (%) of Increase from 1980 13 x increase ~ 1200% While still below the EU average, the ownership rates for passenger vehicles in CEE and Turkey (Czech Rep. and Romania examples here), are rapidly rising.

23. Catalytic Converters, CEE

24. PCFV Possible Outcomes & Next Steps, CEE & Turkey • In General • Work with national governments, industry, civil society to promote cleaner fuels and vehicles in CEE; • Promote and advocate workshop and conference conclusions and recommendations for uptake by national decision-makers; • Correct information gaps for fuels and vehicles information (especially info on vehicle fleets); • Develop a regional network of experts, decision-makers, industry, all stakeholders for cleaner fuels and vehicles.

25. Next Steps - continued • Cleaner Fuels • LEAD: • Lead phaseout ASAP (including support for current plans): • Albania (ban planned for 2005) • Bosnia and Herzegovina (ban planned for 1/1/2010) • Croatia (1/1/2006) • Macedonia (2006) • Romania • Serbia & Montenegro • Turkey (2006) • Increased use of catalytic converter technology through legislation, deadlines for retirement of non-cat converter cars, and ban on non-cat imports into CEE countries

26. Next Steps - continued • SULPHUR: • Lower diesel sulphur level with the goal to go to 500 ppm asap (including support for current plans) in: • Albania (2,000 ppm) • BiH (2,000 ppm) • Croatia (10,000 ppm) • Macedonia (2,000 ppm) • Serbia & Montenegro (10,000 ppm) • Turkey (7,000) • Promotion of emissions control technology for heavy-duty diesel vehicles, including retrofits; • Support for further compliance with EU fuel quality standards for both petrol and diesel.

27. Next Steps - continued • VEHICLES: • Close information gaps on CEE national vehicle fleets, including catalytic converters and vehicle age; • Restrictions on age of imported vehicles and requirements for catalytic converters in all CEE countries (to complement EU requirements); • Cleaner Diesel Vehicles:Retrofit projects for heavy duty diesel vehicles, improved I & M, accelerated retirement plans, and cost/benefit analysis of replacement of diesel with alternative vehicles (natural gas, etc.).

28. Role of the Partnership for Clean Fuels and Vehicles (PCFV)

29. PCFV Activities • Technical support • Networking support • Financial support • Joint activities • Involved other partners/ organisations • Information/ communication

30. Progress on Lead Phase Out in Sub-Saharan Africa

31. Information: Website www.unep.org/pcfv

32. www.unep.org/PCFV