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Plantation Forestry: A Global Look

Plantation Forestry: A Global Look. Forest Area: 3,952,025,000 ha Woodland Area: 1,375,829,000 ha. 620,138,943 m 3 wood (USDA 2008). 620,138,943 m 3 wood (USDA 2008). 620,138,943 m 3 wood (USDA 2008). 620,138,943 m 3 wood (USDA 2008). 620,138,943 m 3 wood (USDA 2008).

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Plantation Forestry: A Global Look

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  1. Plantation Forestry: A Global Look

  2. Forest Area: 3,952,025,000 ha Woodland Area: 1,375,829,000 ha

  3. 620,138,943 m3 wood (USDA 2008) 620,138,943 m3 wood (USDA 2008) 620,138,943 m3 wood (USDA 2008) 620,138,943 m3 wood (USDA 2008) 620,138,943 m3 wood (USDA 2008) Annual World Wood Removal + + + 3.1 billion cubic meters =

  4. Total Wood Removal 2005: 3.1 billion cubic meters

  5. The Gorilla in the Room

  6. The Gorilla in the Room

  7. Let’s Do The Math • Current World Population: 6,785,564,850 • Forest/Woodland Area (ha): 5,327,854,000 • Forest/Woodland per Person

  8. Role of Plantations: Benefits • Plantations are < 4% of land base, but supply 35% of global roundwood • Increased productivity over natural forests • e.g., loblolly pine (400% increase) • Natural Stand: 42 tons per acre • Intensively Managed Plantation: 210 tons per acre • Restoration of Degraded Lands

  9. Copper Basin Tennessee Restoration of Degraded Lands

  10. Role of Plantations: Potential Tradeoffs • Biodiversity • Environmental Services • Impact on Local Communities • Nutrient Depletion • Monocultures of Exotics

  11. How can silviculture enhance productivity to such a degree?

  12. Tree Species • Physiologically suited to establishing on exposed sites and growing in competition • Examples • Pinus spp. (e.g., loblolly pine, radiata pine) • Eucalyptus spp. • Acacia spp. • Populus spp. (cottonwood, aspen, improved hybrids) • Douglas-fir • Norway spruce • Black locust

  13. Tree Planting and Density Management • Seed, seedling, or vegetative propagation • Initial plantation spacing controls stand development and growth rates • Thinning can be used to alter growing space utilization during rotation

  14. Genetic Improvement • Seed, Seedling, or Vegetative Propagation • Traditional breeding programs • “Natural” selection • Improved seed orchards • Hybrids and Clones • Pitch x loblolly pine hybrid • Hybrid poplar (cottonwood x Black Poplar) • Biotechnology and clonal forestry

  15. Loblolly Pine Improvement Program • Open pollinated • $45 to $70 per 1000 seedlings • Mass controlled pollinated • $140 to $230 per 1000 seedlings • Varietal • Produced through embryogenesis • $400 per 1000 seedlings

  16. FlexStand System

  17. Site Preparation

  18. Competition Control

  19. Fertilization

  20. Loblolly Pine

  21. Plantations and Diversity

  22. Fundamental dissimilarities between naturally regenerating stands and plantations • Diversity in plant species composition • Configuration of vertical layers and horizontal patterns of vegetation • Differences in branching patterns and lower uniformity in within-stand tree height contribute to greater diversity in older natural stands

  23. 14 Year Old Loblolly Pine Plantation – 9 ft x 9ft Spacing

  24. Habitat quality of any given plantation (any forest stand) is defined by: • Within-stand characteristics • Adjacent land-uses • Alternative land-use • Cumulative landscape-scale and regional-scale land-use patterns

  25. Plantation Establishment, Past, and Alternative Land-Use Scenarios • Pine plantation replacing a mature stand of mixed pine-hardwoods • Pine plantation establishment on highly erodible cropland • Mature stand of mixed pine-hardwoods replaced by: • Pine plantation • A housing development or Walmart

  26. Reading: M. J. Hartley. 2002. Rationale and methods for conserving biodiversity in plantations forests. Forest Ecology and Management 155:81-95. • Management considerations • Harvest • Species composition • Site-preparation • Tending

  27. M. J. Hartley. 2002. Rationale and methods for conserving biodiversity in plantations forests. Forest Ecology and Management 155:81-95. • Harvest Considerations • Retain legacy trees • Dispersed individuals • Aggregated clumps • Linear strips • Riparian buffer strips • Size/shape • Regeneration type • Incorporate irregular shelterwood or selection systems • Lengthen rotations

  28. M. J. Hartley. 2002. Rationale and methods for conserving biodiversity in plantations forests. Forest Ecology and Management 155:81-95. • Species composition • Favor natives over exotics • Spatially and temporally juxtapose exotic and native stands • Maintain genetic diversity • Mixed species stands

  29. M. J. Hartley. 2002. Rationale and methods for conserving biodiversity in plantations forests. Forest Ecology and Management 155:81-95. • Site preparation • Avoid intensive, soil disturbing site preparation • Retain snags and course woody debris • Prescribed fire to promote native understory species where appropriate

  30. M. J. Hartley. 2002. Rationale and methods for conserving biodiversity in plantations forests. Forest Ecology and Management 155:81-95. • Tending • Thin some plantation early and heavy to promote diverse understory • Retain unthinned plantations • Mosaic of thinned and unthinned plantations • Avoid complete competition control with herbicides

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