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Chapter 4

Chapter 4. Norton Media Library. Chapter 4. Slavery, Freedom, and the Struggle for Empire, to 1763. Eric Foner. I. Olaudah Equiano. II. Slavery and the Empire. The Triangular Trades British manufactured goods were sent to Africa and the colonies Colonial products were sent to Europe

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Chapter 4

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  1. Chapter 4 Norton Media Library Chapter 4 Slavery, Freedom, and the Struggle for Empire, to 1763 Eric Foner

  2. I. Olaudah Equiano

  3. II. Slavery and the Empire • The Triangular Trades • British manufactured goods were sent to Africa and the colonies • Colonial products were sent to Europe • Slaves from Africa were sent to the New World • Since trade centered upon slavery in some form, free colonists believed that freedom meant in part the power and right to enslave others • The Middle Passage • The Middle Passage was the voyage across the Atlantic for slaves • Slaves were crammed aboard ships for maximum profit • The numbers of slaves increased steadily through natural reproduction

  4. II. Slavery and the Empire (con’t) • Chesapeake Slavery • Three distinct slave systems were well entrenched in Britain’s mainland colonies • Chesapeake • South Carolina and Georgia • Nonplantation societies of New England and the Middle Colonies • Chesapeake slavery was based on tobacco • Chesapeake plantations tended to be smaller and daily interactions between masters and slaves were more extensive

  5. II. Slavery and the Empire (con’t) • Slavery transformed Chesapeake society into an elaborate hierarchy of degrees of freedom • large planters • yeomen farmers • indentured servants; tenant farmers • slaves • With the consolidation of a slave society, race took on more and more importance as a line of social division • Liberties of free blacks were stripped away

  6. II. Slavery and the Empire (con’t) • Slavery in the Rice Kingdom • South Carolina and Georgia slavery rested upon rice • Rice and indigo required large-scale cultivation, worked by slaves • The economy of scale for rice was such that plantations were large • By 1770, the number of South Carolina slaves had reached 100,000, well over half the colony’s population • Georgia was established by a group of philanthropists led by James Oglethorpe in 1733

  7. II. Slavery and the Empire (con’t) • Slavery in the North • Since the economics of New England and the Middle Colonies were based on small farms, slavery was far less important • Given that slaves were few and posed little threat to the white majority, laws were less harsh than in the South • Slaves did represent a sizable percentage of urban laborers, particularly in New York and Philadelphia

  8. III. Slave Culture and Slave Resistance • African-Americans • The greatest melting pot in American history was the making of an African-American people • Most slaves in the eighteenth century were African by birth

  9. III. Slave Culture and Slave Resistance (con’t) • African-American Cultures • In the Chesapeake, slaves learned English, were part of the Great Awakening, and were exposed to white culture • In South Carolina and Georgia, two very different black societies emerged • Rice plantations remained distinctly African • Urban servants assimilated into Euro-American culture

  10. III. Slave Culture and Slave Resistance (con’t) • Resistance to Slavery • A common thread for African-Americans was the desire for freedom • Many slaves ran away to Florida or cities • The first eighteenth-century slave uprising occurred in New York City in 1712 • Stono Rebellion of 1739 in South Carolina

  11. IV. An Empire of Freedom • British Patriotism • Despite the centrality of slavery to its empire, eighteenth-century Great Britain prided itself on being the world’s most advanced and freest nation • Britons shared a common law, a common language, a common devotion to Protestantism, and a common enemy in France • Britons believed that wealth, religion, and freedom went together

  12. IV. An Empire of Freedom (con’t) • The Rights of Englishmen • Central to this sense of British identity was the concept of liberty • British liberty was simultaneously a collection of specific rights, a national characteristic, and a state of mind • Britons believed that no man, even the king, was above the law

  13. IV. An Empire of Freedom (con’t) • The Language of Liberty • All eighteenth-century Britons “reveled in their worldwide reputation for freedom” • It was common for ordinary folk to evoke “liberty” when protesting “in the streets” • Republican Liberty • Republicanism called for the virtuous elite to give themselves to public service • Country Party was critical of the corruption of British politics • Cato’s Letters were widely read by the American colonists

  14. IV. An Empire of Freedom (con’t) • Liberal Freedom • The leading philosopher of liberty was John Locke • Lockean ideas included individual rights, the consent of the governed, and the right of rebellion against unjust or oppressive government • Locke’s ideas excluded many from their full benefits in the eighteenth century, but they opened the door for many people to challenge later the limitations on their own freedom • Republicanism and liberalism would eventually come to be seen as alternative understanding of freedom

  15. V. The Public Sphere • The Right to Vote • Ownership of property was a common qualifier for voting in the colonies • Suffrage was much more common in the colonies than in Britain • Property qualification for holding office was far higher than for voting • By the mid-eighteenth century the typical officeholder was considerably richer than the norm when the century began

  16. V. The Public Sphere (con’t) • Colonial Government • During the first half of the eighteenth century the colonies were largely left to govern themselves • The colonial elected assemblies exercised great influence over the appointed officials

  17. V. The Public Sphere (con’t) • The Rise of the Assemblies • Elected assemblies became dominant and assertive in colonial politics in the eighteenth century • The most powerful assembly was Pennsylvania followed by Massachusetts, New York, Virginia, and South Carolina • Leaders of the assemblies found in the writing of the English Country Party a theory that made sense of their own experience

  18. V. The Public Sphere (con’t) • Politics in Public • The American gentry was very active in the discussion of politics, particularly through clubs • Widespread literacy and the proliferation of newspapers encouraged the political discourse • Freedom of Expression and Its Limits • Freedom of speech was a relatively new idea • Freedom of the press was generally viewed as dangerous • After 1695, the government could not censor print material and colonial newspapers defended freedom of the press as a central component of liberty

  19. V. The Public Sphere (con’t) • The Trial of Zenger • John Peter Zenger went on trial in 1735 for seditious libel • Found not guilty • The outcome promoted the ideas that the truth should always be permitted and that free expression ought to be allowed

  20. V. The Public Sphere (con’t) • The American Enlightenment • Americans sought to apply to political and social life the scientific method of careful investigation based on research and experiment • Deists and natural laws embodied the spirit of the American enlightenment • Benjamin Franklin • Thomas Jefferson

  21. VI. The Great Awakening • Religious Revivals • The Great Awakening was a series of local events united by a commitment to a more emotional and personal Christianity than that offered by existing churches • The Great Awakening was led by flamboyant preachers like Jonathan Edwards • Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God

  22. VI. The Great Awakening (con’t) • The Preaching of Whitefield • English minister George Whitefield is credited with sparking the Great Awakening • He believed that God was merciful • The Great Awakening enlarged the boundaries of liberty

  23. VI. The Great Awakening (con’t) • The Awakening’s Impact • The Great Awakening inspired criticism of many aspects of colonial society • A few preachers explicitly condemned slavery, but most masters managed to reconcile Christianity and slaveholding • The Great Awakening expanded the circulation of printed material in the colonies

  24. VII. Imperial Rivalries • Spain in North America • On paper a vast territorial empire, Spanish North America actually consisted of a few small and isolated urban clusters • Despite establishing religious missions and presidios, the population in Spanish North America remained low

  25. VII. Imperial Rivalries (con’t) • California • Spain ordered the colonization of California in response to a perceived Russian threat • Junipero Serra founded the first mission in San Diego in 1769 • California was a mission frontier • The French Empire • The French empire expanded in the early eighteenth century • The French tended to view North America as a place of cruel exile for criminals and social outcasts

  26. VIII. Battle for the Continent • The Middle Ground • Indians were constantly being pushed from their homes into a “middle ground” between European empires and Indian sovereignty • The government of Virginia granted an immense land grant in 1749 to the Ohio Company

  27. VIII. Battle for the Continent (con’t) • The Seven Years’ War • The war began in 1754 as the British tried to dislodge the French from western Pennsylvania • For two years, the war went against the British • The tide of war turned in 1757 with the coming of British Prime Minister William Pitt • The Peace of Paris in 1763 resulted in the expulsion of France from North America

  28. VIII. Battle for the Continent (con’t) • Pontiac’s Rebellion • With the removal of the French, the balance of power diplomacy that had enabled groups like the Iroquois to maintain a significant degree of autonomy was eliminated • In 1763 Indians launched a revolt against British rule • Neolin spoke of a pan-Indian identity • To avoid further Indian conflicts, London issued the Proclamation of 1763

  29. VIII. Battle for the Continent (con’t) • Pennsylvania and the Indians • The war deepened the hostility of western Pennsylvania farmers toward Indians and witnessed numerous indiscriminate assaults on Indian communities • The Paxton Boys demanded that Indians be removed from Pennsylvania • Colonial Identities • Colonists emerged from the Seven Years’ War with a heightened sense of collective identity • The war also strengthened colonists’ pride in being members of the British empire

  30. The Triangular Trades The Triangular Trades • pg. 124

  31. The Slave Trade in the Atlantic World, 1460–1770 • pg. 126 The Slave Trade in the Atlantic World, 1460–1770

  32. European Empires in North America, ca. 1750 European Empires in North America, ca. 1750 • pg. 152

  33. Eastern North America after the Peace of Paris, 1763 Eastern North America after the Peace of Paris, 1763 • pg. 154

  34. Table 4.1 • pg. 131

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  43. http://www.wwnorton.com/foner/ Go to website

  44. End chap. 4 This concludes the Norton Media Library Slide Set for Chapter 4 Give Me Liberty! An American History by Eric Foner W. W. Norton & CompanyIndependent and Employee-Owned

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