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Purple Coneflower

Purple Coneflower. Echinacea purpurea Echinacea angustifolia Echinacea pallida. Presented by: Henry Tran, Paul St. Romain, & Margaret Wells. Names of Echinacea. Family: Asteraceae Genus: Echinacea Greek origin: echinos = sea urchin or hedgehog

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Purple Coneflower

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  1. Purple Coneflower Echinacea purpurea Echinacea angustifolia Echinacea pallida Presented by: Henry Tran, Paul St. Romain, & Margaret Wells

  2. Names of Echinacea • Family: Asteraceae Genus: Echinacea • Greek origin: echinos = sea urchin or hedgehog • Perennial Plant; 1-2ft. Tall, spiny appearance • AKA: American Coneflower, Black Sampson, Comb Flower, Echinacea angustifolia, Echinacea pallida, Echinacea purpurea, Indian Head, Purple Coneflower, Rudbeckia, Sampson Head, Scurvy Root, Snakeroot, Helichroa (Rafinesque) • Original genus name = Rudbeckia • 1794 Conrad Moench used Echinacea , but not adopted by the scientific community until circa 1848

  3. History of Echinacea • Found in the U.S. & Canada • Home: Great Plains Region(from Texas into Canada and from the Rocky Mountains into Kentucky) • Other States/Regions:CO, IL, IA, KS, KY, LA, MN, MO, MT, NE, NM, ND, OK, SD, TX, WY; Canada (AB, MB,SK) • Used by Native Americans(i.e. Blackfoot, Lakota, Choctaw, Delaware, Cheyenne, Comanche, Sioux & Dakota) • E. purpurea, E. angustifolia, and E. pallida • Blackfoot & Lakota used E. angustifolia as toothache remedy(isobutylamides found in root which creates numbing sensation)

  4. Historical Uses • E. purpurea used by Choctaw as cough medicine and as G.I. aid • Delaware for venereal disease; Comanche use for sore throat & toothache • E. pallida used by western tribes (Cheyenne used it for antirheumatic, cold remedy, & as dermatological aid; Decoction of the root as vermifuge & eye medicine; Sioux use for analgesic properties & for snake bites) • Used for a wide variety of conditions(18th,19th, early 20th by American Settlers for infections and inflammation) • First Written Record in 1762; Flora Virginica (John Clayton) • Eclectic Physicians first to realize therapeutic benefits of E. purpurea • “Red Sunflower” in Dispensatory of Eclectic Physcians in 1852; recommended use for patients with syphilis • Eclectic Physicians and Topical Wound Healing (1950’s)

  5. Introduction to Euro-American Society • Dr. H.C. F. Meyer sent J.Lloyd (Lloyd Brothers Pharmaceuticals) & Dr. J. King sample of root • “Meyers Blood Purifier” in 1885 • 1886 E. angustifolia arrives for Lloyd & King • Lloyd sets out to negate claims via pharmaceutical tests • Favorable results • 1887 King statement in The Eclectic Medical Journal “…should it be found to contain only one-half the virtues he (H.C. F. Meyer) attributes to it, it will form an important addition to our materia medica.” • Lloyd Pharmaceuticals; multiple products (creams, liquids & mouth wash);Fermentation & Echafolta

  6. Historical Uses Con’t. • In 1910, decline in U.S. use began due to 3 reasons • First = A. Flexner comparison study of allopathic vs. faltering botanico-medical education • Second = Direct results of antibiotics vs. general immune response of Eichinacea species • Third major reason = Hostility among practitioners • Patentable antibiotics • 1916-1947 E. angustifolia & E. pallida root & rhizome recognized by the U.S. National Formulary (NF) • 1910 only 47% of USP was based on medicinal plant drugs

  7. German Research & Commission E • German equivalent to our FDA • 1920’s Gerhard Madaus; 1930’s to present extensive German research (peaked in 80’s) • Research done on common communicable diseases & immune response • Two varieties approved (E. Purpurea & E. Pallida, but not roots) • Believed that E. Angustifolia is stronger (problem = no official clinical data to support claim) • PDR for Herbal Medicines states multiple uses (used as treatment for common colds, bronchitis, UTI’s, mouth & pharynx inflammation, wounds, burns & weak I.S.)

  8. Active Components • Polysaccharides • 4-0-methylglucuronoarabinoxylan • Rhamnoarabinogalactin • Polyacetylenes • Alkylamides (echinaceine)

  9. Parts Used & Administration • Parts of plant that are used: aboveground roots, rhizome & leaves • In U.S. used as tea, squeezed (expressed) juice (alcohol and/or glycerin based), capsules (herbal powder for URI), tincture (gargling & swallowing), topically, & as an injection (not recommended in U.S.) • In Germany many times administered intravenously along with traditional medical treatments • Dosage, type of administration, & duration of treatment vary in patient care

  10. Present Day & Future Hopes • U.S. research peaked again in 1990’s to present • DSHEA act & active research (NCCAM) • Journal: Economic Medicinal Plant Research(through 1991; 360 studies on Echinacea) • Extremely Popular & Profitable • Some studies show it does help I.S., “septic” conditions, & increases hyaluronic acid when topically applied • Echinacin ointment for inflammatory skin diseases • Need more clinical trials & dosage specifications • Hope of proving effectiveness on immune system

  11. Research • Common Cold • Cancer prevention

  12. The Cold • What is it? • Symptoms • Duration http://www.kennislink.nl/upload/115174_962_1091519871529-rhinovirus.jpg

  13. Infection • Inhaled particles • Cold virus attachment

  14. Infected • Incubation period: 8-12 hours • Peak of symptoms: 36-72 hours

  15. Neat facts about colds • Infection rate • Being cold? • Feed a cold, starve a fever • Children

  16. Research – Echinacea & the Common cold • Is it effective? • Is it worth it? • Is it toxic?

  17. Efficacy • Positive results • Reduced symptoms and duration • Negative results • Not useful for prevention

  18. Why contradictory research? • Hard to quantitatively measure symptoms • Psychological effects vary • Many different types of cold viruses • Preparations are not standardized • Meta analysis

  19. Value • Significantly important difference – is treatment worth it based on cost, effect and duration of infection? • Echinacea: 2nd to Vitamin C – people thought it would be worth it if it reduced colds by 36.8 hours • Zinc and prescription in 60 to 90 hour range

  20. Reactions & Toxicity • Could negatively affect patients with progressive systemic diseases & autoimmune disorders (i.e. tuberculosis, lupus & connective tissues disorders, HIV/AIDS), pregnant women & children under two years of age • Patients with asthma & atopy (genetic tendency to have allergic reactions) are more susceptible • According to NCCAM website; rare allergic reactions found to be rashes, increased asthma and anaphylaxis • Allergic reaction possible if person is allergic to plants in daisy family (i.e. ragweed, chrysanthemums, marigolds & daisies) • Gastrointestinal side effect most common in studies

  21. Mode of Action • Bioactive substances capable of stimulating innate immunity. • What is the innate immune response? • Nonspecific

  22. Macrophages stimulated to release cytokines and chemokines that initiate inflammatory response • Cytokines cause dilation of local small blood vessels and changes in endothelial cells • Lead to movement of leukocytes (neutrophils and monocytes) from to blood vessels into the infected tissue • Leucocytes are guided by chemokines produced by macrophages • Blood vessels become more permeable, allowing plasma proteins and fluid to leak into the tissues

  23. Mode of Action cont. • Immune response ascribed to polyssacharides • Study: Incubation of human macrophages with purified polysaccharide: • Increased the motility of granulocytes and their cytotoxic activity against staphylococci • Stimulated proliferation of human lymphocytes • Induced production of TNF-a, IL-1, and IL-6

  24. Purified polysaccharides from E. purpurea induced macrophage production of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-a Figure 8-22

  25. Mode of Action, cont. • Evidence supporting polysaccharide function of extract: • Augmented the phagocytosis of yeast particles or opsonized zymosan by human granulocytes by 23% and 34% • Intravenous treatment of mice: • Mice injected with lethal doses of Candida albicans and Listeria monocytogenes • Treatment significantly increased survival rate of both healthy and immunosuppressed mice.

  26. Mode of Action, cont. • Akylamides from Echinacea: • Modulate TNF-a mRNA expression in human monocytes and macrophages via the CB2 cannabinoid receptor • Bind to CB2 more strongly than endogenous cannabinoids • Dodeca-2E,4E,8Z,10Z-tetrenoic acid isobutylamide (A1) • Docea-2E,4E-dienoic acid isobutylamide (A2)

  27. Mode of Action, cont. • Anti-inflammatory effects • Lipoxygenase (LOX) and cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition • Polysaccharide fraction known to inhibit the action of the enzyme hyaluronidase • Echinacoside provides protective effect against free radical induced degradation of collagen

  28. Summary • Echinacea appears to activate non-specific cellular and humoral immunity and the complement system by increasing the production and activity of: • Leukocytes • Granulocytes • Lymphocytes • Monocytes • Cytokines

  29. Bibliography 1. Echinacea. 2006 [cited 2006 04/23/06]; A database summarizing the research on various supplements. Part of the site is member only.]. Available from: http://supplementwatch.com/suplib/supplement.asp?DocId=1101&templateId=100. 2. Agnew, L.L., et al., Echinacea intake induces an immune response through altered expression of leucocyte hsp70, increased white cell counts and improved erythrocyte antioxidant defences. J Clin Pharm Ther, 2005. 30(4): p. 363-9. 3. Barnes, J., et al., Echinacea species (Echinacea angustifolia (DC.) Hell., Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt.,Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench): a review of their chemistry, pharmacology and clinical properties. J Pharm Pharmacol, 2005. 57(8): p. 929-54. 4. Barrett, B., et al., Using benefit harm tradeoffs to estimate sufficiently important difference: the case of the common cold. Med Decis Making, 2005. 25(1): p. 47-55. 5. Barrett, B.P., et al., Treatment of the common cold with unrefined echinacea. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med, 2002. 137(12): p. 939-46. Borchers, A.T., et al., Inflammation and Native American medicine: the role of botanicals. Am J Clin Nutr, 2000. 72(2): p. 339-47. 7. Flannery, M.A. 1999. From Rudbeckia to Echinacea: The Emergence of the Purple Cone Flower in Modern Therapeutics, Pharmacy in History, Vol. 41 (2):52-58 8. Flannery, M.A. 2004. Civil War Pharmacy: A History of Drugs, Drug Supply and Provision, and Therapeutics for the Union and Confederacy. The Haworth Press, Inc, Binghamton, NY. 9. Goel, V., et al., Efficacy of a standardized echinacea preparation (Echinilin) for the treatment of the common cold: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Pharm Ther, 2004. 29(1): p. 75-83. 10. Jack M. Gwaltney, M., Frederick G. Hayden, MD Common Cold. 1999-2005 [cited 2006 04/23/06]; General information over the common cold drawn from over 70 medical resources]. Available from: http://www.commoncold.org/index.htm.

  30. 11. Kim, L.S., R.F. Waters, and P.M. Burkholder, Immunological activity of larch arabinogalactan and Echinacea: a preliminary, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Altern Med Rev, 2002. 7(2): p. 138-49. 12. Kligler, B., Echinacea. Am Fam Physician, 2003. 67(1): p. 77-80. 13. Linde, K., et al., Echinacea for preventing and treating the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2006(1): p. CD000530. 14. Raduner, S., et al., Alkylamides from Echinacea are a new class of cannabinomimetics - CB2-receptor dependent and independent immunomodulatory effects. J Biol Chem, 2006. Sperber, S.J., et al., Echinacea purpurea for prevention of experimental rhinovirus colds. Clin Infect Dis, 2004. 38(10): p. 1367-71. Turner, R.B., et al., An evaluation of Echinacea angustifolia in experimental rhinovirus infections. N Engl J Med, 2005. 353(4): p. 341-8. Website: http://nccam.nih.gov/health/echinacea/#intro. 2005. Herbs at a Glance: Echinacea. NCCAM Publication No. D271.

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