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PSYC 1120 Day 7 (Week #4) September 26, 2012

PSYC 1120 Day 7 (Week #4) September 26, 2012. Agenda. Finish prenatal development. Three Trimesters. The germinal and embryonic periods occur in the first trimester The fetal period begins toward the end of the first trimester and continues through the second and third trimesters

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PSYC 1120 Day 7 (Week #4) September 26, 2012

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  1. PSYC 1120Day 7 (Week #4)September 26, 2012

  2. Agenda • Finish prenatal development

  3. Three Trimesters • The germinal and embryonic periods occur in the first trimester • The fetal period begins toward the end of the first trimester and continues through the second and third trimesters • Viability (the chances of surviving outside the womb) occurs at the beginning of the third trimester. • Age of viability – about 23-24 weeks on average

  4. The Fetal Period • Fetal period begins two months after conception and lasts for seven months • Three months after conception-- fetus is about 3 inches long; weighs about 3 ounces • At birth, the average American baby weighs 7 ½ pounds and is about 20 inches long

  5. Multiple Births • Monozygotic - identical • One ovum and one sperm • Splits early in the process of dividing • Must be the same sex • Dizygotic – fraternal • Several ova each fertilized • No more alike than other siblings • May be boys, girls or one (some ) of each • Increased incidence with fertility technology

  6. Conjoined Twins • Monozygotic twins who do not completely separate • Parts develop individually and other parts develop and grow together • Example: the Hensel twins from Minnesota

  7. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ZUzi0RhBpM&NR=1&feature=endscreenhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ZUzi0RhBpM&NR=1&feature=endscreen • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ISlXC33N2b4

  8. Teratogens • Despite complexity, most babies are born healthy • Most hazards are avoidable • Teratology—study of birth defects • teratogens—broad range of substances that can cause environmental insults that may cause prenatal abnormalities or later learning abilities

  9. Timing of Exposure • Critical period—in prenatal development, the time when a particular organ or other body part is most susceptible to teratogenic damage • entire embryonic period is critical

  10. Amount of Exposure • Dose and/or frequency • Threshold effect—teratogen relatively harmless until exposure reaches a certain level

  11. Amount of Exposure, cont. • Interaction effect—risk of harm increases if exposure to teratogen occurs at the same time as exposure to another teratogen or risk

  12. The Birth Process • The Birth Process • first stage -- contractions cause the woman’s cervix to stretch and open • longest of the three stages • typically lasts 12 to 24 hours • second stage begins when the baby’s head starts to move through the cervix • 45 minutes – 1 ½ hours, depending on number of pregnancies

  13. third stage is afterbirth • placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes are detached and expelled • shortest of the three birth stages

  14. Where and Who? • Where do births take place? • In U.S., 99% take place in hospitals • Home births are far more common in many other countries • Who assists? • Obstetricians and nurses • Fathers or birth coaches • Midwives • Doula -- a caregiver who provides continuous physical, emotional, and educational support for the mother before, during, and after childbirth

  15. Cesarean Delivery • Breech position – buttocks rather than head emerge first • Can prevent the baby from breathing normally • Cesarean delivery -- the baby is removed from the mother’s uterus through an incision made in her abdomen • May be lifesaving but carry the risks of major surgery

  16. From Fetus to Newborn • Anoxia -- fetus or newborn has an insufficient supply of oxygen • Cause of brain damage • Immediately after birth, the umbilical cord is cut and the baby is on its own • Almost immediately after birth, a newborn is taken to be weighed, cleaned up, and tested

  17. Apgar Scale • Used to assess the health of newborns at 1 and 5 minutes after birth • A score, or reading, of 0, 1, or 2 on each of these five health signs • heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, body color, and reflex irritability • identifies high-risk infants who need resuscitation.

  18. Apgar Scoring • Activity (muscle tone)0 — Limp; no movement1 — Some flexion of arms and legs2 — Active motion • Pulse (heart rate)0 — No heart rate1 — Fewer than 100 beats per minute2 — At least 100 beats per minute • http://www.babycenter.com/0_the-apgar-score_3074.bc

  19. Grimace (reflex response)0 — No response to airways being suctioned1 — Grimace during suctioning2 — Grimace and pull away, cough,or sneeze during suctioning • Appearance (color)0 — The baby's whole body is completely bluish-gray or pale1 — Good color in body with bluish hands or feet2 — Good color all over • Respiration (breathing)0 — Not breathing1 — Weak cry; may sound like whimpering, slow or irregular breathing2 — Good, strong cry; normal rate and effort of breathing

  20. Threats to Newborns • Low birth weight • LBW -- less than 5 ½ pounds at birth • Very low birth weight - under 3 pounds • Extremely low birth weight - under 2 pounds. • Preterm • born three weeks or more before the pregnancy has reached its full term • Small-for-date • birth weight is below normal when the length of the pregnancy is considered

  21. Amillia Taylor

  22. http://abcnews.go.com/Health/story?id=2890242&page=1 • Amillia Sonja Taylor, born Oct. 24, 2006 after just under 22 weeks in the womb, will spend a few extra days in a Florida hospital as a precaution. Amillia, now a relatively robust 4½ pounds, was 9½ inches long and weighed 10 ounces at birth. (Baptist Hospital via The Miami Herald/AP Photo) (2007)

  23. 2/21/2007

  24. Amillia Taylor now weighs 17 pounds and measures 27 1/2 inches long. Her favorite foods are watermelon and bananas, and she has begun self-feeding and loves to laugh, play, and interact with her family members. • Despite the emotional ups and downs of the year since Amillia's birth, Taylor knows she would do it all over again if given a choice.http://www.iparenting.com/mom/5458.php

  25. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fejTulMNaPM • October 2008 • Amillia is also taking steps in their Homestead home and sounding out her few words and developmentally progressing very well. • 26 pounds 26 ½ inches tall

  26. Incidences and Causes of Low Birth Weight • Low birth weight and preterm births often occur together • Incidence of low birth weight varies considerably from country to country • Related to • Poverty • Maternal health status • Maternal nutrition

  27. Consequences of Low Birth Weight • More health and developmental problems than normal-weight infants (Moss, 2006). • At school age, more likely to have a learning disability, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, or breathing problems such as asthma (Wocadlo & Rieger, 2006).

  28. Bonding • Bonding -- formation of a connection, especially a physical bond, between parents and the newborn in the period shortly after birth • Bonding is inhibited by • Anesthesia during labor • Hospital policies that separate mothers from infants

  29. The Postpartum Period • Postpartum period -- lasts for about six weeks after childbirth or delivery or until the mother’s body has completed its adjustment and has returned to a nearly prepregnant state • Physical and psychological adjustments

  30. Physical Adjustments • Fatigue can undermine the new mother’s sense of well-being and confidence in her ability to cope with a new baby • Dramatic changes in hormone production • Involution -- process by which the uterus returns to its pre-pregnant size

  31. Emotional and Psychological Adjustments • Baby blues -- two to three days after birth, many women begin to feel depressed, anxious, and upset • Postpartum depression -- a major depressive episode about four weeks after delivery • strong feelings of sadness, anxiety, or despair that for at least a two-week period inhibit coping with daily tasks

  32. The First Year of Life http://www.quia.com/files/quia/users/jcarterfauchier/gabrielle

  33. Sensation versus Perception • Receivingenvironmental stimuli versus • Giving meaningto information received by the sensory system

  34. Neuron • Parts of a neuron • dendrite • cell body • axon • synapse • myelin

  35. A NEURON

  36. The Brain • Left brain processes verbal, numerical, textual & logicalinformation • Right brain processes spatial, colored & creativeinformation

  37. Hemispheres have differing functions but don’t work independently. • Both generally work together to perform most tasks. • One side may be faster.

  38. The Brain • Right and left halves are joined by the corpus callosum. • House calls it the Brooklyn Bridge connecting the two mostimportant neighborhoods • Myelination

  39. Myelin Sheath • Insulation on axon to improve speed of transmission. • Also insulates axon from activity of other neurons.

  40. http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery-channel/398-understanding-the-brain-development-video.htmhttp://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery-channel/398-understanding-the-brain-development-video.htm • http://www.5min.com/Video/The-Comprehensive-Newborn-Screening-326782662 • http://www.5min.com/Video/Learn-about-Your-Newborns-Reflexes-96171343 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ew93pEEdMY&feature=related • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ew93pEEdMY&feature=relmfu • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hArF94sVXV8&feature=relmfu

  41. Reflexes • Survival reflexes • Breathing • Sucking • Rooting • Swallowing

  42. Other Reflexes • Startle or Moro • Babinski • Walking (stepping) • Swimming

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