Migration Movement

1. Migration Movement

2. IMPORTANT TERMS • Emigration - leaving one's country or region (of birth) to settle in another permanently • Emigrants are the ones who consider the push factors when wanting to leave their native land • Ireland

3. CAUSES OF MIGRATION PUSH FACTORS- reasons to leave • Not enough jobs • Few opportunities • "Primitive" conditions • Political fear • Poor medical care • Not being able to practice religion • Loss of wealth • Natural Disasters • Death threats • Slavery • Pollution • Poor housing • Better education/opportunities for children

4. IMPORTANT TERMS • Immigration – is the permanent movement of people into a region, territory or nation. • Immigration Debate

5. IMPORTANT TERMS • Immigrant – is a person who moves to a new country with the intention of settling there --> pull factors help make decision • Benefits

6. CAUSES OF MIGRATION PULL FACTORS - reasons to move to a country • Better medical care • Security • Family links • Social programs • Services for immigrants • Job opportunities • Better living conditions • Political and/or religious freedom • Enjoyment • Education

7. Migration refers to directed, regular, or systematic movement of a group of objects, organisms, or people. • Migration

8. Human migration- movement by humans from one area to another (local, regional, national, international)

9. Migration Trends ~ 2 million people move from 1 country to another per year According to IOM (International Organization for Migrants) there are 214 million international migrants worldwide (equivalent to the world’s 5th largest country - Brazil) Migrants represent 3.1% of global population (1 in 33 is a migrant)

10. Migration Trends Women account for 49% of all migrants 2010 - remittances account for 440 billion worldwide --> 325 billion went to developing countries 20-30 million unauthorized migrants (illegal) worldwide (rep. 10-15% of migrant population) 27.5 million displace persons in ~ 52 countries as a result of conflict 15.4 million refugees

11. Global Trends Asian immigrants  from 28.1 million in 1970 to 43.8 million in 2000 During same period Asia’s share of global migrant stock  from 34.5% to 25% Africa  in its share of international migrants from 12% in 1990 to 9% in 2000 Latin America & Caribbean  from 7.1% to 3.4%

12. Global Trends Europe  22.9 to 18.7% Oceania  3.7% to 3.3 North America  in immigrant population from 15.9% in 1970 to 23.3% USSR  from 3.8% to 16.8% (redefinition of border not actual movement of people) 75% of all international migrants are in 28 countries

17. Types of Migration • Voluntary • Involuntary • Ecological • Illegal

18. VOLUNTARY MIGRAITON decision to move - own free will Ex. people: looking for better jobs, trying to unit a family or for studying purposes Economic migration --> from poor to rich countries --> eg. For every American worker who moves to Mexico 6 Mexican workers move to the US

19. VOLUNTARY MIGRAITON • European expansion to temperate areas such as United States, Canada, and Australia in times of prosperity and opportunity --> colonization • Ontario residents moving to British Columbia for a perceived more relaxed way of life and climate

20. SEASONAL MIGRATION – movement of people from their home, for a temporary period of time, for employment or recreation. • retired Canadians relocating to Florida for the winter months

21. students studying abroad • migrant workers from the Mexico & Caribbean working on Canadian farms during the summer Crab workers • young people working at ski resorts like Whistler.

22. TEMPORARY MIGRATION – a short term movement of people reacting to a stressor or perceived stressor in their lives. • Examples include: Afghan refugees fleeing Kabul or Kandahar • Hong Kong residents leaving the country in anticipation of political change in 1999.

23. INVOLUNTARY MIGRATION movement of people against their will Ex. slavery to fulfill European objectives, late nineteenth-century labor movements from China and India to European-controlled plantations ethnic cleansing occurred during the post-1938 movement of Jewish population in areas controlled by the Nazi Germany populations Human Trafficking

24. INVOLUNTARY MIGRATION Movement due to deterioration of natural environment (1900-2000 --> 60 million people forced to move due to deterioration of land) War, persecution, human rights abuses 2001 --> 50 million refugees and displaced persons

26. REFUGEES

27. ORIGIN OF REFUGEES

28. ECOLOGICAL MIGRATION • Involves movement of people because something they depend upon for life disappears or moves out of their environment • Ex. degrading soil, disappearing vegetation, drought, rising sea levels, natural disasters • EARTHQUAKE IN ITALY

29. ILLEGAL MIGRAITON • Movement of people without approval of immigration laws • People want to improve economic opportunities and from the desire of a country to limit access (illegal immigration exists only if there are laws to prevent migration) • Mexico/US

30. ILLEGAL MIGRATION • For example, migrants from China have tried to enter Canada illegally -some hidden in hulls of decaying cargo ships • Mexicans have avoided border patrols and illegally entered the southern U.S. (6-12 million illegal aliens in U.S. from Mexico) • People from Bangladesh have crossed the border into India for better standard of living • GreeceEurope

31. Trends in Migration • Most migrants move from developing countries to developed countries (better standard of living) • Most migrants migrate to cities (50 million have already moved from rural areas to cities • 1.5 million people migrate to world’s largest cities each year

32. How does Migration Shape/Influence a city • Developing countries --> movement is from within the country (rural to urban) or from other periphery or near core countries --> these countries attract few migrants from developed world

33. How does Migration Shape/Influence a city • Developed countries: • attract migrants from other countries (most of rural to urban migration has already occurred) • migration to Developed countries comes from both developed and developing countries

34. How does Migration Shape/Influence a city • migrants from developing countries are usually the rich, educated, and skilled (Brain Drain) • migrants from developing countries that are not well off are refugees (refugees can come from any socio-economic group)

35. How does Migration Shape/Influence a city • Developing countries --> large # of migrants put a strain of services (health, sanitation, housing), may cause increase in unemployment, crime, overcrowding, etc. • Developed countries --> influence of different cultures influence the character of a city - restaurants, stores, places of worship, clubs, etc.

36. How does Migration Shape/Influence a city • older areas of city (inner city) become new homes for new immigrants (ghetto enclave) i.e. James Street North in Hamilton --> home to Italians, Portuguese, Asians

37. Migration has had a significant effect on world geography It has contributed to the evolution and development of separate cultures It has contributed to the diffusion of cultures by interchange and communication.

38. EFFECTS OF MIGRATION • changes in population distribution • demographic consequences: migrants are mostly young and in productive age --> what is the impact • demographic crisis – population ageing • economic results - which are of the greatest importance for the development of the countries