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World War II (1st Global War – 1939-1945)

World War II (1st Global War – 1939-1945). Ch 16 USH. World War II (1st Global War – 1939-1945). *fighting takes place on four continents, over four oceans *100 million fought (40-50 million died – many civilians) *Key Allies – Great Britain, Soviet Union (Russia), USA,

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World War II (1st Global War – 1939-1945)

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  1. World War II (1st Global War – 1939-1945) Ch 16 USH

  2. World War II (1st Global War – 1939-1945) • *fighting takes place on four continents, over four oceans • *100 million fought (40-50 million died – many civilians) • *Key Allies – Great Britain, Soviet Union (Russia), USA, • France (colonies), China • *Axis Powers – Germany, Japan, Italy

  3. How did it start • Treaty of Versailles – end of WWI left Europe uneasy • Germany – destroyed, embarrassed • Defeat – Ger. Forced to take full blame for WWI • Reparations – Ger. Forced to pay France $ • *importance – Ger. Does not have $ to rebuild • European Depression – all of Europe hurt economically • (Ger. Becomes poorest country in Europe) • *importance – Germans are hurt, mad, and looking for hope (breeding ground for a new leader)

  4. Rise of Fascism • duty to the state is more important than individual freedom. Strong leader limits personal freedom to insure countries success • *states that if the people of a country work together, they can improve their situation • Attraction • Nationalism – pride in county (shows that you are better than others) • *promise to create a new Empire

  5. Rise of Fascism • Leadership – a strong leader who will raise the country and create a better economy and way of life • *people want leadership and new ideas during bad times • Anti-Communist – control of the country by countrymen, not Russia • *fascism state that the problem is not economic (rich VS. poor) but between countries (Fr. and Ger.)

  6. How did it start • Three Axis/Fascist Nations (Italy, Germany, Japan) • Italy – Benito Mussolini – 1st fascist leader in 1926 • Italians felt they deserved more from Treaty of Versailles and were hurt economically by European depression • *Mussolini promises Italy to create a new Roman Empire. • Ethiopia – only free country in Africa, 1935 invaded by Italy • Haile Salassie – leader of Ethiopia, spoke at League of Nations for help (denied) • Germany – National Socialist Workers Party (NAZIs)

  7. Adolf Hitler • – born in Austria, failed artist (hate of Jews), fought in WWI (bad soldier) • *took advantage of Post WWI Ger. Economy to take over Germany using lies, hate, and brilliant speaking skills. • Beer Hall Putsch – 1923 – Hitler and NAZI’s first attempt to take over Germany • * failed and Hitler was sentenced to prison (served less than 1 year)

  8. Adolf Hitler • Mein Kampf (My Struggle) book written by Hitler outlining his beliefs and political goals for Germany • Stated German’s were the supreme race (gave hope to downtrodden) • Aryans-blond, blue eyed • Jews – claimed they were racially inferior and responsible for nations problems • *book became a best seller

  9. Adolf Hitler • Jan 1933 Hitler is ELECTED leader of Germany with 35% of vote • 1935 pulls out of Treaty of Versailles and begins rebuilding German military

  10. Japan “Rising Sun” • Russo-Japanese war (1904) 1st defeat of European power (Russia) by an Eastern nation • *Japan is a modern, industrial nation and emerging world power

  11. Japan “Rising Sun” • 1920’s – right wing leaders feel only way Japan could earn it’s rightful place in the world was through force. • *example – US bans all Japanese immigration to US in 1924 • Manchuria (part of China) invaded in 1931 for fuel, timber, and food.

  12. Japan “Rising Sun” • Japan wants to expand and take over colonies in Asia • *threatens U.S. trade with China and Philippines colony of U.S.

  13. . US enters the War • Isolationism – US avoids fighting for the first two years (but sides with England) • Lend Lease Act – Allows US to provide Eng. With $ to buy and borrow US supplies (weapons, boats, planes, etc.) • A total of $50.1 billion (equivalent to $759 billion at 2008 prices) worth of supplies were shipped

  14. Lend Lease Act • signed into law on March 11, 1941, a year and a half after the outbreak of the European war in September 1939, but six months before the U.S. entrance into the war in December 1941, this act ended the pretense of US neutrality.

  15. Tripartite Pact • – Ger., Japan, and Italy sign an alliance to fight together if a new country enters the war • *designed to keep the US out (US would have to fight two wars – Europe and Pacific)

  16. US enters the War • Atlantic Charter – US and Eng meet to spell out reasons WWII is to be fought for (554) • 1)No new territorial gain • 2)Self determination of free nations • 3) Freedom from fear and want (peace) • *became the basis of the United Nations

  17. Planning for war • – by 1940 US knew it would be dragged into the war to help allies (Eng.) • Selective Service Act (1940) draft is started before US goes to war (1million drafted – 16 mi. Registered ) • Military Spending - US had a weak military due to isolationism ($s are spent, helps end depression) • FDR re-elected – seeks a 3rd term as President due to WWII • Only pres. To serve more than 2 terms

  18. Pearl Harbor • – US naval base in Hawaii • Attack on PH pulls US into WWII • Japan – want an Empire in the Pacific • Jap. Navy (Nov 25, 1941 SET OUT FOR HA. • *Idea – Japan wants a surprise attack and take out the US navy while in harbor • Dec.7. 1941 (Sunday, 7:55 am) • Japanese planes attack PH and kill 2,400 sailors • *1st attack on US soil since Civil War • *9/11 worst attack on US soil since PH (3500 died) • US declares war – Dec. 8, 1941 • Ger. and Italy declare war on US Dec. 9, 1941.

  19. the beginning of the attack. The explosion in the center is a torpedo strike on the USS Oklahoma

  20. Jap.- Americans • Internment camps – 110,000 more (Barbed wire, crowded barracks, community mess hall and restrooms) • 442 combat until – Hawaii – Most decorated unit in WWII • Koreamatsu VS US (1944) set up Jap to spying and sabotage duress wartime (pp. 595-597)

  21. US and WWII • Gov. and Industry – ended depression (demand for labor due to war effort) • War bonds – asked America to put aside 10% of income to purchase (Am. Bought $175 million) helped pay for war • Factories – 1941 – 19,000 planes are produced • *war time agencies staffed by businessmen, not politicians • Rubber – lack due to Jap. Control of far east.

  22. US and WWII Am. Workforce • – Am. Workers eager for employment after depression • Women - 6 million women (due to lack of men) made 65% (no child care) but glad to do their part.

  23. US and WWII Am. Workforce • Blacks – migration from South to industrial cities like LA, Detroit • – more than 5 million

  24. US and WWII • Armed forces – 15 million served in war • Peacetime draft – (1940) 1.8 million in uniforms before war • Blacks – 1 million served, segregation • The Tuskegee Airmen were the first African American military aviators in the United States armed forces. During World War II

  25. Tuskegee Airmen

  26. US and WWII Effect of civilian life • – US economy and geography meant Am. experienced fewer hardships compared to Europe severe shortage • Family – separation - increase in marriages and birth rates (Baby Boomers)

  27. The War in Europe • *Defeating Germany was the 1st priority • Soviet Union – invaded by Gr. (June 1941), • Hitler wants Russian resources (oil) • *Violates Nazi-Soviet Non- Aggression Pact Battles – Russia suffers high casualties, but Stalin forbids Russians to quit. • Moscow – surrounded by Nov. • *Winter pushes Ger. back • Leningrad – attacked for 900 days, • 500,000 Russians starve to death • *City is never captured by Nazi’s • Stalingrad – (Spr. 42) Hitler wants control of Russian oil fields, sends 300,000 troops • (5 month battle) • Ger. Lost and is turning point in Russian (/Russia pushes Ger. back) • *Eng. And US do not aid Russia with troops; Stalin mistrusts allies for rest of war

  28. Operation Barbarossa

  29. The War in Europe • Africa (USA and GB) – invade North Africa first • (Operation Torch Nov. 42) • (Seen as less risky than Russia) • General Patton – USA top general, turn US into an effective fighting force • *Allies take AF. by May 1943

  30. Operation Torch Allied troops hit the beaches near Algiers, behind a large American flag (left).

  31. The War in Europe • Italy – invaded after N. Af. Captured (Summer 1943) • Mussolini ousted by Italians (July 1943) • *Sept. 43 Italy captured

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