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Chapter 47: Circulatory and Respiratory Systems

Chapter 47: Circulatory and Respiratory Systems. 47-1 The Circulatory System. 47-2 Blood. 47-3 The Respiratory System. 47-1 The Circulatory System. I. The Heart (THORACIC cavity, behind STERNUM). Moves blood  PULMONARY and SYSTEMIC loops.

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Chapter 47: Circulatory and Respiratory Systems

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  1. Chapter 47: Circulatory and Respiratory Systems 47-1 The Circulatory System 47-2 Blood 47-3 The Respiratory System

  2. 47-1 The Circulatory System I. The Heart (THORACIC cavity, behind STERNUM) • Moves blood  PULMONARY and SYSTEMIC loops. (1) Pericardium (promotes LONGEVITY of cardiac tissue) • MEMBRANE surrounds heart  makes LUBRICANT to REDUCE friction.

  3. Critical Thinking (1)Some babies are born with a HOLE in the septum between the two atria. Based on what you know about BLOOD FLOW through the heart, explain why this condition would be HARMFUL to the baby.

  4. (2) Septum (wall of tissue, PREVENTS mixing of blood) • SEPARATES heart into 2 sides (4 chambers).

  5. (3) Atrium (Atria, RECEIVE blood returning from the lungs or body) • Smaller, RECEIVING chambers (NOTE: RA contains SA node).

  6. (4) Ventricle (PUMP blood to the lungs or the body’s circuits) • Thicker, more muscular PUMPING chambers.

  7. (5) Atrioventricular (AV) Valves [Tricuspid (R) and Mitral Valves (L)] • ONE-way flaps of tissue separating EACH atrium from ITS ventricle.

  8. (6) Semilunar (SL) Valve [Pulmonary (R) and Aortic Valves (L)] • Prevent blood from flowing BACK into ventricles when ventricle relaxes.

  9. Critical Thinking (2)One function of the cardiovascular system is to help maintain a uniform BODY TEMPERATURE. Explain HOW the constant circulation of blood throughout the body MAY accomplish this task.

  10. (B) Circulation in the Heart • SVC/IVC  RA RV PA  LUNGS PV LA LV  AA/DA  BODY (1) Aorta (THICKEST artery) • Receives O-blood from LV, and pumps out to SYSTEMIC loops.

  11. (C) Control of the Heartbeat • A wave of ELECTRICAL impulses spreads so ATRIA and VENTRICLES contract in a RHYTHM. (1) Sinoatrial Node (SA) [“Pacemaker”, located in RIGHT ATRIUM] • Specialized cardiac cells initiate their OWN electrical impulse and contract [i.e., regulating the RATE of the heartbeat].

  12. (2) Atrioventricular Node (AV) [Located in the SEPTUM between ATRIA] • Relays SA electrical impulse to VENTRICLES, causing CONTRACTION a fraction of a second AFTER atria (1 FULL heartbeat).

  13. (3) Systole (Heartbeat Phase 1 of 2; Blood LEAVES ventricles TO arteries) • Ventricles CONTRACT, CLOSING AV valves and OPENING SL valves which EXIT heart.

  14. (4) Diastole (Heartbeat Phase 2 of 2; Blood ENTERS atria TO ventricles) • Ventricle RELAX, allowing back pressure of blood to CLOSE SL valves and OPEN AV valves.

  15. (D) Blood Vessels (e.g., arteries, veins, capillaries) • Blood is contained WITHIN either heart OR blood vessels at ALL times (CLOSED LOOP)

  16. (E) Arteries (have higher BP than veins) and Blood Pressure • Each beat FORCES blood through blood vessels THROUGHOUT body.

  17. (1) Arteries (carry blood AWAY from heart) • Large, MUSCULAR, elastic vessels begin with aorta (LARGEST artery) and split into smaller ARTERIOLES (and ultimately to capillaries).

  18. (2) Blood Pressure (high BP risks RUPTURING an artery) • The force that BLOOD exerts against WALLS of a blood vessel.

  19. (3) Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure • Pressure during V contraction (Systolic) and V relaxation (Diastolic). [Average is 120 mmHg/ 80 mmHg]

  20. (4) Hypertension (sustained High Blood Pressure) • STRAIN on WALLS of arteries  INCREASES chance vessel will BURST.

  21. (F) Capillaries and Veins • Gas EXCHANGE at CAPILLARIES, then blood returns BACK to S/I VENA CAVA via veins.

  22. (1) Arterioles (arterioles-CAPILLARIES-venules) • Connect LARGER arteries with tiny CAPILLARIES.

  23. (2) Capillaries (1-celled thick) • Nutrients, hormones, and gases DIFFUSE between BLOOD and CELLS.

  24. (3) Venules and Veins (thinner, less muscular and WITH valves) • Venules unite into LARGER veins, returning BACK to HEART.

  25. (4) Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) and Superior Vena Cava (SVC) • 2 LARGEST veins (with LOWEST BP) return d-blood from body to RA.

  26. II. Patterns of Circulation • 2 LOOPS improve DELIVERY rate; (1) Pulmonary Circulation • Between HEART and LUNGS. (2) Systemic Circulation • Between HEART and BODY TISSUES.

  27. (A) Pulmonary Circulation • D-Blood: Body SVC/IVC  RA RV PA  LUNGS PV  O-Blood (1) Pulmonary Veins (RETURN blood from LUNGS back to LA) • ONLY veins carrying O-Blood in body.

  28. (B) Systemic Circulation • LA LV  AA/DA  ALL BODY SYSTEMS.

  29. Critical Thinking (3)Why might it be possible that a person could turn PALE when they are frightened?

  30. (1) Coronary Circulation (a SUBSYSTEM of systemic circulation) • Heart gets its own LOOP!

  31. (2) Atherosclerosis (or if an artery becomes BLOCKED) • BUILDUP of fatty material on INTERIOR walls of coronary artery (BLOCKAGE can result in a coronary thrombosis )

  32. (3) Renal Circulation (a second SUBSYSTEM) • Kidney LOOP FILTER wastes from our blood.

  33. (4) Hepatic Portal Circulation (a third SUBSYSTEM) • Liver and Small Intestine LOOP  Nutrients are mixed with O-blood

  34. II. Lymphatic System (also part of the circulatory system, BUT NO pump) • A 1-WAY system of vessels (with VALVES) that DRAIN FLUIDS from tissues BACK into blood stream.

  35. (1) Lymph (GETS CHECKED AT LYMPH NODES) • Yellowish fluid drained from tissues into lymphatic vessels.

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