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Overview of US History

Overview of US History. 13 British Colonies, 1607-1754. New England MA, NH, RI, CT Religious (Puritans) Trade, fishing Middle (bread colonies) NY, PA, DE, NJ Ethnically diverse (Crevecoeur) Southern MD, VA, NC, SC, GA Economic Plantation agriculture. Colonial Society, 1607-1754.

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Overview of US History

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  1. Overview of US History

  2. 13 British Colonies, 1607-1754 • New England • MA, NH, RI, CT • Religious (Puritans) • Trade, fishing • Middle (bread colonies) • NY, PA, DE, NJ • Ethnically diverse (Crevecoeur) • Southern • MD, VA, NC, SC, GA • Economic • Plantation agriculture

  3. Colonial Society, 1607-1754 Great Puritan Migration, 1630s Salem Witch Trials, 1692 1st Great Awakening, 1730s-1740s Zenger Trial Bacon’s Rebellion (1676)

  4. French & Indian War, 1754-1763 • GB vs. Fr. • Both wanted an empire in N. Amer. • Theory of mercantilism • Albany Congress (1756) • attempt at colonial unity • Treaty of Paris (1763) • GB won, but in major debt • End of salutary neglect • Proclamation Line to stop Indian attacks OH River Valley

  5. GB taxes American Colonies, 1763-1775 • Sugar Act = salaries • Stamp Act = soldiers • Stamp Act Congress • “Virtual representation” • Declaratory Act • Boston Massacre • Townshend Tea Act • Boston Tea Party • Intolerable Acts • Boston Port closed • Quebec Act • Thomas Paine’s Common Sense

  6. American Revolutionary War, 1775-1783 • Lexington & Concord • Declaration of Independence – 1776 • Saratoga (1777) • French join US! • Yorktown • Treaty of Paris (1783) • US got independence and land to MS River Treaty of Paris

  7. Articles of Confederation, 1782-1787 • Legislative branch, amending unanimous, could not enforce taxation or control commerce • Land Ordinance of 1785 = land for public education • Northwest Ordinance of 1787 = no slavery in Old Northwest; process for future states • Shays’ Rebellion in MA (1786) = need a stronger central gov’t!

  8. Constitution, 1787 • Philadelphia meeting to control commerce • “Father” = James Madison • Based on compromises: • Electoral College = president • 3/5s Compromise = slaves in South • Slave Trade Compromise = end in 20 yrs. • Great/CT Compromise = bicameral legislature • Federalists vs. Antifederalists • Strong central gov’t? Bill of Rights?

  9. Early Republic, 1789-1813 • George Washington (1789-1797) • Neutrality Proclamation (1793) • Alexander Hamilton’s Economic Plan • Funding at par, assumption of state debts, excise taxes & tariffs, Bank of US • Bank of US  led to political parties • Whiskey Rebellion in PA (1794) • Pinckney’s Treaty w/Spain • Jay’s Treaty w/Britain • Farewell Address

  10. John Adams (1797-1801) • Federalist • XYZ Affair • Alien & Sedition Acts • Response: KY & VA Resolutions called for nullification

  11. Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809, D-R) • Marbury v. Madison = created judicial review • Small gunboats along coast • Louisiana Purchase (1803) • Embargo Act • Non-Intercourse Act

  12. James Madison (1809-1817) • Macon’s Bill No.2 • War of 1812 • Caused by GB impressments • Hartford Convention = led to death of Federalists • Treaty of Ghent = back to status quo • Huge wave of American nationalism & industrialization • Henry Clay’s American System • Protective tariff • Internal improvements • Second Bank of US

  13. “Era of Good Feelings” • James Monroe (1817-1825, R) • Low voter turnout; one political party • Adams-Onis Treaty = FL purchase; boundary with New Spain • Missouri Compromise (1820) • Monroe Doctrine (1823)

  14. Age of Jackson & the Common Man • John Q. Adams (1825-1829, R) • “Corrupt Bargain” • Andrew Jackson (1829-1837, D) • Higher voter turnout • Spoils system/patronage • Manifest Destiny & Trail of Tears • Nullification Crisis in SC • Bank War led to depression

  15. Early 19th Century Society & Culture • Women • Republican motherhood • “Cult of Domesticity” among upper classes in NE • 2nd Great Awakening (1820s-1840s) • Spawned many reform movements: • Temperance – Frances Willard, Carrie Nation, WCTU • Abolition – Wm. Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglass • Education – Horace Mann • Utopias – New Harmony, Oneida, Brook Farm • Prison & Hospital – Dorothea Dix

  16. Early 19th Century Society & Culture • 1st Industrial Revolution • Old Immigrants • Focused on textiles (Lowell Mills in MA) • Eli Whitney: cotton gin & interchangeable parts • Transportation Revolution • Canals, steamboats, turnpikes, some RRs in NE • Market Revolution • Go from subsistence economy to market economy

  17. Early 19th Century Society & Culture • Art • Hudson River School = landscapes • Literature • American themes • Knickerbocker group in NY • Harriet Beecher Stowe • Hinton Helper

  18. Western Expansion/Manifest Destiny • James K. Polk (1845-1849, D) • Mexican War (1846-1848) • Provoked war to settle TX border dispute • “Spot Resolutions” • Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo = paid $15 million for Mexican Cession • CA Gold Rush (1849)

  19. Road to Civil War • 1850 Compromise • CA = free; NM & UT = pop. sov; South = fugitive slave law • Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) • Popular sovereignty • “Bleeding Kansas” • Caning of Sen. Charles Sumner (1856) • Dred Scott case (1857) • John Brown’s raid on Harper’s Ferry (1859)

  20. Civil War, 1861-1865 • 1860 Election • Democrats divided • Repubs. for non-extension of slavery (Lincoln) • Union • Antietam, Gettysburg, Vicksburg • Gen. Ulysses S. Grant • Confederacy • Gen. Robert E. Lee

  21. Civil War, 1861-1865 • Lincoln suspends civil liberties • No habeas corpus • Blockade of South • Emancipation Proclamation (1863) • Amendments: • 13 = free • 14 = citizens • 15 = vote

  22. Late 19th Century Expansion And RRs 2nd Ind. Rev Populism Reconstruction Imperialism

  23. Reconstruction, 1865-1877 • Led by Radical Republicans • 5 military districts • Carpetbaggers & Scalawags • Freedman’s Bureau • Compromise of 1877 • Gave presidency to Hayes, who ended Reconstruction

  24. 2nd Industrial Revolution, 1865-1900 • “Gilded Age” • New Immigrants  led to nativism • “Robber Barons” • Steel = Andrew Carnegie (Gospel of Wealth) • Bessemer process; Vertical integration • Oil = John D. Rockefeller • Horizontal integration; trust • Banking = J.P. Morgan • Interlocking directorates • Social Darwinism

  25. Expansion and RRs, 1865-1900 • Homestead Act (1862) • 160 acres of free land • Indian Wars • Wounded Knee • Dawes Severalty Act • Transcontinental RR (1869) • Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) • Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)

  26. Populism, 1880s-1890s • The Grange & Farmers’ Alliances • Granger laws to regulate RRs • Led to political party • Populist Party platform: • Graduated income tax (16th amend.) • Direct election of senators (17th amend.) • Gov’t regulation of big business • Bimetallism to inflate currency • 1896 Election  McKinley vs. Wm. Jennings Bryan • Bryan: “Cross of Gold” speech

  27. Imperialism, 1865-1920 • Alfred T. Mahan = need naval bases • Alaska purchase (1867) • Hawaii overthrow (1893) • Spanish-American War (1898) • Causes: yellow press, de Lome letter, USS Maine sunk • Treaty of Paris (1898) = US got Guam & Puerto Rico; paid $20 million for the Philippines • Open Door Policy in China • Panama Canal (TR’s presidency)

  28. Progressive Era, 1890-1920 • Fix problems caused by industrialization • Muckrakers brought issues to public attention • Thorstein Veblen, Upton Sinclair, Ida Tarbell • Women • Suffrage  19th amend. • Settlement house movement (Jane Addams) • Prohibition  18th amend. • Muller v. Oregon • Florence Kelley  protect women & children in factories

  29. Progressive Era, 1890-1920 • More democracy! • Initiative • Referendum • Recall • 17th amend. = direct election of senators • Civil Rights • Booker T. Washington • W.E.B. DuBois – NAACP • Nativism  Chinese Exclusion Act

  30. Progressive Era, 1890-1920 • Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909, R) • Square Deal • Roosevelt Corollary; Big Stick Diplomacy • Panama Canal • Conservation • Trustbuster • Consumer protection • Meat Inspection Act • Pure Food and Drug Act • Gentlemen’s Agreement

  31. Progressive Era, 1890-1920 • William H. Taft (1909-1913, R) • Dollar diplomacy • Trustbuster • Lost 1912 election

  32. Progressive Era, 1890-1920 • Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921, D) • Missionary diplomacy • Small gov’t and small business • Attacked “Triple Wall of Privilege” • Banks  Federal Reserve • Trusts  Clayton Antitrust Act; Federal Trade Commission • Tariffs  Underwood Tariff; 16th Amend. • World War I

  33. World War I, 1914-1918 • Long-term causes: M – A – I – N • Short-term cause: assassination of Ferdinand • Central Powers vs. Allies

  34. World War I, 1914-1918 • 1917 – US joined b/c: • Zimmermann Note • German unrestricted sub warfare • “make the world safe for democracy” • Wilson’s “14 Points” to prevent future wars • Freedom of the seas • Self-determination • League of Nations

  35. World War I, 1914-1918 • Treaty of Versailles (1919) • Harsh treatment of Germany • League of Nations • US never signs treaty or joins LON • Sen. Henry Cabot Lodge & the irreconcilables prevent this; believed it would have threatened US sovereignty

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